Table 3.
Intake and changes in intake of energy, macro- and micronutrients for the Swedish and Finnish study population (Mean values with their standard errors)
| Control (n = 18) | Lifestyle intervention (n = 14) | Lifestyle + medical food (n = 16) | NNR recommended intake | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Mean | P | Mean | P | |||
| Energy, MJ | Base | 8.4 (2.8) | 7.7 (2.) | 8.5 (1.6) | |||
| Δ 6-m | -0.3 (1.8) | 0.0 (1.9) | 0.520 | -0.2 (1.7) | 0.900 | ||
| Totalt fat, E% | Base | 36 (6) | 36 (5) | 34 (7) | 25–40 | ||
| Δ 6-m | 2 (7) | 3 (6) | 0.556 | 2 (7) | 0.790 | ||
| SFA, E% | Base | 14 (4) | 13 (3) | 12 (4) | < 10 | ||
| Δ 6-m | 1 (5) | 1 (3) | 0.765 | 0 (4) | 0.545 | ||
| MUFA, E% | Base | 13 (2) | 14 (3) | 12 (3) | 10–20 | ||
| Δ 6-m | 0 (3) | 0 (4) | 0.873 | 1 (3) | 0.864 | ||
| PUFA, E% | Base | 6 (2) | 6 (2) | 7 (2) | 5–10 | ||
| Δ 6-m | 0 (3) | 8 (4) | 0.170 | 8 (3) | 0.077 | ||
| n-3 PUFA, E% | Base | 1.5 (0.7) | 1.2 (0.4) | 1.8 (0.6) | ≥ 1 | ||
| Δ 6-m | -0.1 (0.7) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.122 | 0.6 (1.0) | 0.002* | ||
| n-6 PUFA, E% | Base | 4.1 (1.5) | 3.7 (0.9) | 4.0 (2.0) | |||
| Δ 6-m | 0.3 (2.3) | 1.2 (3.5) | 0.324 | 0.7 (2.3) | 0.268 | ||
| Carbohydrate, E% | Base | 40 (6) | 42 (7) | 45 (7) | 45–60 | ||
| Δ 6-m | -1 (7) | -1 (7) | 0.798 | -2 (7) | 0.336 | ||
| Sucrose, E% | Base | 7 (3) | 7 (4) | 7 (3) | < 10 | ||
| Δ 6-m | 0 (3) | 1 (7) | 0.480 | 7 (4) | 0.911 | ||
| Fiber, g † | Base | 26.0 (9.1) | 20.1 (5.6) | 27.2 (7.1) | F ≥ 25, M ≥ 35 | ||
| Δ 6-m | -3.8 (6.8) | 2.3 (7.4) | 0.036* | -0.5 (7.3) | 0.209 | ||
| Protein, E% | Base | 17.5 (3.7) | 17.4 (3.2) | 17.4 (2.3) | 15–20 | ||
| Δ 6-m | -0.8 (3.6) | -0.4 (2.9) | 0.508 | -0.1 (3.1) | 0.983 | ||
| Alcohol, E% † | Base | 4 (4) | 2 (2) | 1 (2) | < 5 | ||
| Δ 6-m | -1 (3) | -1 (1) | 0.874 | -0 (2) | 0.499 | ||
| Calcium, mg | Base | 1053 (372) | 824 (357) | 1088 (420) | 800 | ||
| Δ 6-m | -53 (244) | 50 (412) | 0.392 | -36 (377) | 0.671 | ||
| Potassium, mg | Base | 3567 (1034) | 3311 (996) | 3767 (642) | F = 3.1, M = 3.5 | ||
| Δ 6-m | -432 (824) | -105 (861) | 0.225 | -56 (1162) | 0.452 | ||
| Phosphorus, mg | Base | 1618 (520) | 1354 (400) | 1642 (324) | 600 | ||
| Δ 6-m | -172 (324) | 46 (410) | 0.115 | 13 (392) | 0.318 | ||
| Vitamin C, mg | Base | 133 (87) | 136 (83) | 150 (57) | 75 | ||
| Δ 6-m | -33 (57) | -35 (58) | 0.705 | -31 (73) | 0.684 | ||
| Vitamin D, µg | Base | 14.6 (10.5) | 10.5 (6.1) | 14.1 (12.5) | 61-74y = 10, ≥ 75y = 20 | ||
| Δ 6-m | -4.7 (5.5) | -0.9 (5.3) | 0.166 | -2.2 (4.8) | 0.572 | ||
| Vitamin E, α-TE † | Base | 13.0 (5.7) | 14.1 (11.0) | 51.9 (3.6) | F = 8, M = 10 | ||
| Δ 6-m | -2.2 (4.2) | -2.2 (3.9) | 0.119 | -0.2 (2.9) | 0.170 |
NNR Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2012 [35]; MJ Megajoule, E% Energy percent of total intake, F Females, M Males, α-TE α-tocopherol equivalent
*Statistically significant difference for 6-month follow-up with-in group compared to baseline, p < 0.05
† Statistically significant difference between intervention groups and control group p < 0.05