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. 2024 Jul 3;20:288. doi: 10.1186/s12917-024-04053-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Anti-viral activity of Luteolin on PEDV infected Vero, and IPEC-J2 cells. A The anti-PEDV effects of luteolin in Vero cells by using absolute RT-PCR assay. B IC₅₀ values in Vero cells were calculated based on RT-PCR data. C Anti-PEDV effects of luteolin by using RT-PCR assay in IPEC-J2 cells. D IC₅₀ values in IPEC-J2 cells were calculated based on RT-PCR data. E–G The anti-PEDV effects of luteolin in Vero cells by using immunofluorescence assay (E), western blot (F) and TCID₅₀ assays (G). Vero cells infected with PEDV and cultured with different concentrations of luteolin (0-50 μM). Densitometry quantification immunoblot analysis results of PEDV-N presented relative to those of GAPDH using Image J software. Values represent the mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments. ns: non-significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001