Table 1 ∣.

Pharmacomicrobiomic studies in autoimmune and rheumatic diseases

Disease	Study design	Intervention	Result	Ref.
Ulcerative colitis	Prospective	TNF inhibitors	Non-responders characterized by high dysbiosis indices and a lower abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii at baseline	80
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease	Prospective	Vedolizumab	High microbial diversity at baseline, specific taxa (e.g. Roseburia inulinivorans) and several microbial pathways enriched in patients achieving remission	81
Crohn’s disease	Prospective	Ustekinumab	Patients achieving remission had high microbial diversity and enrichment of specific taxa at baseline	82
Axial SpA	Prospective	TNF inhibitors	High relative abundance of the order Burkholderiales at baseline was modestly predictive of future response	92
PsA and SpA	Prospective	TNF and IL-17A inhibitors	Abundance of several specific taxa (e.g. Clostridiales) shifted after treatment with IL-17 blockade (as compared with TNF inhibition); Candida albicans was expanded in a subset of patients following IL-17 blockade	94
Treatment-naive, chronic RA	Prospective	Herbal remedies with or without methotrexate	Oral microbiome (and to a lesser degree the gut microbiome) distinguished responders from non-responders	126
Treatment-naive, new-onset RA	Prospective	Methotrexate	Gut metagenome at baseline could differentiate methotrexate responders from non-responders; ex vivo incubation with methotrexate of samples from patients with treatment-naive, new-onset RA correlated with the magnitude of future clinical response	129

PsA, psoriatic arthritis; RA rheumatic arthritis; SpA, spondyloarthritis.