Table 1. Pathological etiologies of yawning .

Serial number	Etiology	Examples
1	Psychiatric disorders	Depression, insomnia, and anxiety
2	Neurological conditions	Parkinson's, stroke, narcolepsy, and epilepsy
3	Gastrointestinal issues	Gastroduodenal ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux, and pharyngeal obstruction
4	Metabolic disorders	Acidocetosis, renal insufficiency, severe hepatic failure, and thyroid insufficiency
5	Infectious diseases	Encephalitis and meningitis
6	Latrogenic factors	Opiate withdrawal, antidepressant use, and sodium valproate administration