Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and diabetic kidney disease.
| Without DR (n = 36) | With DR (n = 48) | P values | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 32.8 (21-40.7) | 43.4 (35.2-50.7) | <0.01 |
| Sex (% women) | 21 (58.3) | 18 (37.5) | 0.06 |
| Skin color (% white) | 34 (94.4) | 43 (89.6) | 0.42 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6 (22.3-26.6) | 26.5 (22.6-30.1) | 0.26 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 16.1 (8.2-19) | 24.5 (17-33) | <0.01 |
| HbA1c (%) / (mmol/mol) | 9.8 (8.2-11) /84.0 (66.0-97.0) | 9.3 (8.2-10.2) /78.0 (66.0-88.0) | 0.28 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 116.5 (102-124.5) | 128.4 (110-140) | 0.03 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 71 (60-80) | 86.5 (70-90) | 0.08 |
| UAC (mg/L) | 134.6 (17-51.5) | 291.9 (20-190) | 0.14 |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 103.8 (98.7-118.7) | 78 (47-107.7) | <0.01 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 184.4 (150-200) | 171.4 (141.5-191.5) | 0.49 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 46.7 (35-54) | 48.2 (38.5-54) | 0.66 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 253.6 (95-209.5) | 136.2 (70.7-143) | 0.07 |
| Smoking | 1 (2.8) | 7 (14.6) | 0.07 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 3 (8.3) | 8 (17) | 0.24 |
| Use of ACE inhibitors | 13 (36.1) | 19 (39.6) | 0.74 |
| Use of antihypertensives | 15 (41.7) | 27 (56.2) | 0.18 |
| Use of statins | 8 (22.2) | 17 (35.4) | 0.19 |
Data are shown as median (interquartile range) or n (%). P values ≤ 0.05 indicate a significant difference. Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; BMI, body mass index; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; DR, diabetic retinopathy; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UAC: urinary albumin concentration (obtained from a single urine sample).