Table 2. Baseline characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic kidney disease.
| Without DR (n = 245) | With DR (n = 188) | P values | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 60.4 (53 – 69) | 61.1 (54-68) | 0.98 |
| Sex (% women) | 147 (60) | 112 (59.6) | 0.93 |
| Skin color (% white) | 203 (82.9) | 158 (84) | 0.74 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 33.4 (28.1-37.2) | 32 (27.3-35.5) | 0.06 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 13.8 (6-19) | 18.1 (11-23) | <0.01 |
| HbA1c (%) / (mmol/mol) | 8.6 (7.3-9.6) / 70.0 (56.0-81.0) | 9.2 (8-10.1) / 77.0 (64.0-87.0) | <0.01 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 132.7 (120-140) | 139.2 (121.2-150.7) | <0.01 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78.3 (70-86) | 79.8 (70-90) | 0.47 |
| Hypertension (%) | 207 (84.5) | 165 (87.8) | 0.33 |
| UAC (mg/L) | 219.3 (18-136) | 349.9 (26-280) | <0.01 |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 73.6 (48-97) | 67.2 (45-89) | 0.05 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 179.9 (142-205.5) | 185.3 (152-207) | 0.29 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 45.4 (34-53) | 46.1 (35.7-52.2) | 0.37 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 209.9 (95.2-210.7) | 296.5 (108-216) | 0.34 |
| Smoking | 25 (10.2) | 18 (9.6) | 0.83 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 80 (32.9) | 65 (34.8) | 0.69 |
| Use of ACE inhibitors | 139 (56.7) | 118 (62.8) | 0.20 |
| Use of antihypertensives | 211 (86.1) | 165 (87.8) | 0.61 |
| Use of statins | 168 (68.6) | 133 (70.7) | 0.62 |
| Use of metformin | 198 (80.8) | 139 (73.9) | 0.09 |
| Use of sulfonylurea | 70 (28.6) | 41 (21.8) | 0.11 |
| Use of iSGLT2 | 32 (13.1) | 21 (11.2) | 0.55 |
| Use of insulin | 164 (66.9) | 173 (92.0) | <0.01 |
Data are shown as median (interquartile range) or n (%). P values ≤ 0.05 indicate a significant difference. Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; BMI, body mass index; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; DR, diabetic retinopathy; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; iSGLT2, sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors; UAC: urinary albumin concentration (obtained from a single urine sample).