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. 2024 Jun 19;631(8019):118–124. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07507-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — We consider seven models for directional hearing that depend on different sensory structures and predict different behaviours (an eighth lateral line (LL)-based mechanism can be ruled out as we observe directional behaviour despite lateral line ablation). Interaural time difference (M-ITD) and level difference (M-ILD) mechanisms based on particle motion can be rejected on the basis of the behavioural data in the trick configuration. A strategy that is based on escaping positive (M-polarity (+)) or negative (M-polarity (−)) initial motion can be rejected as inverted polarity waveforms fail to invert the startle direction. Finally, a mechanism based on sensing pressure level or time differences (P-ILD, P-ITD)—consistent with behavioural data—can be rejected as D. cerebrum possess only a single pressure sensor. This leaves Schuijf’s model as the one that correctly predicts an inversion of startle direction in the trick configuration and that is based on sensory cues that D. cerebrum is able to sense.