Fig. 4.

Nanomotor systems propelled by urea. (A) Schematic illustration for the intravesical delivery of urease-powered nanomotors to enhance penetration and retention in the bladder and the preparation procedure of urease (Ur) powered nanomotors using silica nanoparticle (SiNP) and polydopamine nanocapsule (PDA NC). Reproduced with permission [100]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (B) Schematic illustration of urease-driven urease robots targeting bladder cancer with radionuclides. Reproduced with permission [121]. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature. (C) Schematic diagram of enzyme-driven liquid metal nanorobots with dual-mode photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging for synergistic photothermal and chemotherapy antibacterial therapy. Reproduced with permission [102]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. (D) Schematic diagram of a urease-driven nanomotor of mesoporous silica nanoparticles with polyethylene glycol and anti-FGFR3 antibody on the outer surface. Reproduced with permission [99]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (E) Preparation and characterization of HSiO₂ FA-Urease-I (Urease inside) and HSiO₂ Preparation and characterization of HSiO₂FA-Urease-I (Urease inside) and HSiO₂FA-Urease-O (Urease outside) micromotors. (a) Schematic diagram depicting the experimental process employed to fabricate HSiO₂FA-Urease-I and HSiO₂FA-Urease-O micromotors. Reproduced with permission [104]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.