. 2024 Jun 8;27:101119. doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101119

Table 2.

Chemically propelled nanomotors with potential biomedical applications.

Fuel	Primary Constituent Materials	Catalytic way	Size	Speed	Fuel Concentration	Merits and demerits	Ref
H₂O₂	Au@MnO₂	MnO₂	191 nm	8 pixel/frame	0.1 mM	Abundant fuel (H₂O₂); Oxygen generation, alleviating hypoxia. Weak ability to identify tumor heterogeneity.	[84]
H₂O₂	MnO₂, PEG-PDLLA	MnO₂	300 μm	15–20 μm/s	5–50 mM		[85]
H₂O₂	CAT -β@ZIF	Catalase (CAT)	1 μm	0.65–0.81 μm²/s	0.3–3%		[86]
H₂O₂	ZIF-67/Fe₃O₄/DOX	Co²⁺ and 2-Methylimidazole	5 μm	76.38 μm/s	10 %		[87]
H₂O₂	L-arginine, HPAM	Catalase	170 nm	0.5–4 μm/s	5–20 mM		[56]
H₂O₂	Fe₂O₃，PEG-b-PS	Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs)	342.9 nm	307 nm/s	200 μM		[88]
H₂O₂	Pt，PEG-b-PS	Pt	152 nm	23 μm/s	35 %		[89]
H₂O₂	Pt，PEG-b-PS	Pt	150 nm	8.97 μm/s	Tumor microenvironment		[90]
H₂O₂	Pt，PEG-b-PS PEG-b-PCL	Pt	30 nm	39 μm/s	4.98 mM		[91]
H₂O₂	CAT，PEG-b-PS	Catalase	500 nm	60 μm/s	111 mM		[92]
H₂O₂	CAT，GOx，CAuNCs@HA	Catalase	171.53 nm	25.25 μm/s	100 μM		[93]
H₂O₂	CREKA-Ce@PDA/DOX NBs	CeO₂	150 nm	9.5 μm/s	4.9 mM		[94]
H₂O₂	UCNPs@mSiO₂-TAPP @Au-3-MPBA	Catalase	59.8 nm	1.727 μm²/s	50 mM		[95]
H₂O₂	JAuNR-Pt	Pt	108 nm	10.18 μm/s	200 μM		[96]
H₂O₂	Au@Pt	Pt	100 nm	43.85 ± 5.49 μm/s	10 mM		[97]
H₂O₂	Cu-JMCNs	Cu	356 ± 4 nm	5–11 μm²/s	Not provided		[77]
H₂O₂	JHP@Catalase	Catalase	521 nm	0.63 ± 0.03 μm²/s	2.5 wt%		[98]
Urea	MSNP-Ur/PEG-Ab	Urease	481 nm	1.2 μm²/s	50 mM	Strong targeting towards regions with higher urea levels (kidneys, prostate, bladder cancer). Poor applicability, not suitable for urea-free sites.	[99]
Urea	Ur-PDA NC	Urease	5 μm	10.67 μm/s	100 mM		[100]
Urea	UPJNMs，Ur- PEG-AuNP	Urease	90 μm	11.1 μm²/s	10 mM		[101]
Urea	LM@PDA@CF & Ur	Urease	348 nm	0.825 μm²/s	50 mM		[102]
Urea	LL-37@K7-Pol@MSNPs@Ur	Urease	1.87 μm	0.58 μm²/s	200 mM		[103]
Urea	HSiO₂FA-Urease-I	Urease	Not provided	12 μm/s	25 mM		[104]
Urea	HSiO₂FA-Urease-O	Urease	Not provided	11 μm/s	50 mM		[104]
Urea	JRs@ HAase@ Ur	Urease，hyaluronidase	93–260 nm	4–8 μm/s	5 mM		[105]
Urea	JHP@Urease	Urease	495 nm	0.96 ± 0.04 μm²/s	300 mM		[98]
Urea	UM - NEs	Urease	254 nm	4.7 μm/s	50 mM		[106]
Arginine	L-arginine, HPAM	NO synthase (NOS)，Reactive oxygen species (ROS)	385 nm	13 μm/s	3.75 mg/mL	Nitric oxide production; improving tumor microenvironment. Low sustained efficacy, limited fuel capacity (arginine); Reliant on tumor nitric oxide synthase.	[56]
Arginine	HFLA-DOX	NOS, ROS	50 nm	13.3 μm²/s	10 %		[107]
Arginine	HFCA	NOS, ROS	40 nm	10 μm²/s	Not provided		[108]
Arginine	PCBMA - LA	NOS, ROS	220 nm	3.5 μm/s	15 %		[109]
Arginine	PMA-TPP/PTX	NOS, ROS	200 nm	3 μm/s	Not provided		[110]
Arginine	DPNMs，L-Arg, CaO₂	NOS, ROS	361 nm	6 μm/s	2.7 mM		[111]
Arginine	PCBMA-LA	NOS, ROS	220 nm	1.8 μm/s	121.7 μg/mL		[109]
Arginine	TAP nanomotors	NOS, ROS	200 nm	5 μm/s	Not provided		[112]
Glucose	AG–DMSNs，L-Arg AuNPs	gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (AG-DMSNs)，H₂O₂	80 nm	11 μm/s	27.8 mM	Primary energy source for cells; Biocompatible fuel; Abundant in biological systems. Multiple conversion steps; Less efficient compared to direct chemical fuels.	[113]
Glucose	SiO₂@Au&PMO Janus	Glucose Catalase	350 nm	6.34 μm²/s	100 mM		[114]
Glucose	GC6@cPt ZIFs	Glucose Catalase	70–120 nm	2.08 μm/s	10 × 10⁻³ M		[115]