Table 2.

Characteristics of database literature included in scoping review

Author	Country	Article type	Participants and setting	Objective or aim	Themes discussed
Angood (2022) [66]	USA	Non-empirical (perspective)	No participants; non-specific setting	To highlight the importance of personal transitions and transformations for physician leaders.	• Innovation and adaptability • Collaboration and communication • Self-development and self-awareness
Appelbaum (2022) [62]	USA	Empirical (quantitative)	Dual medical and business; primary care, hospital, academia, start-up, consulting, pharmacy, other	To determine the business competencies and training applicable throughout different stages of physician leaders’ careers.	• Innovation and adaptability • Collaboration and communication
Best (2020) [37]	Australia	Empirical (qualitative)	Medical specialists; hospital	To identify and explore the implications of different leadership approaches for future implementation of clinical genomics.	• Innovation and adaptability • Collaboration and communication
Borgwardt (2019) [71]	USA	Non-empirical (report)	No participants; large integrated care organization	To describe the process, components, and success of a leadership-driven change management initiative.	• Innovation and adaptability • Collaboration and communication
Brace (2020) [67]	USA	Non-empirical (perspective)	No participants; non-specific setting	To explore emerging opportunities for healthcare leaders, how they can best adapt to changing roles, and how they can remain relevant and effective.	• Innovation and adaptability • Collaboration and communication • Self-development and self-awareness
Crabtree (2020) [60]	USA	Empirical (interviews), non-empirical (review)	Medical, other clinical, and non-clinical staff and leaders; primary care	To explore the leadership attributes that support innovative change in primary care practices.	• Innovation and adaptability • Collaboration and communication • Self-development and self-awareness
Hopkins (2018) [63]	USA	Empirical (quantitative)	Medical specialists; university and hospital	To determine the effectiveness of physician education on leadership competencies when applied to leadership training.	• Innovation and adaptability • Collaboration and communication • Self-development and self-awareness
Ramirez (2021) [69]	USA	Non-empirical (report)	No participants; non-specific setting	To describe the competencies of healthcare managers and the training methods and venues to promote their professional development.	• Innovation and adaptability • Collaboration and communication • Self-development and self-awareness
Sandberg (2022) [64]	USA	Empirical (quantitative), non-empirical (review)	Senior healthcare leaders; hospital, primary care, specialist, nursing home, other	To explore the transitions made by healthcare leaders to continue effective operations during the COVID-19 pandemic.	• Innovation and adaptability • Collaboration and communication • Self-development and self-awareness
Satiani (2022) [65]	USA	Empirical (quantitative)	Medical specialists; primary care, specialist, hospital, emergency, laboratory, pharmacy, rehabilitation	To describe healthcare leaders’ engagement and experience within a faculty leadership program and draw implications for future programs.	• Innovation and adaptability • Collaboration and communication • Self-development and self-awareness
Wain (2020) [70]	USA	Non-empirical (report)	No participants; hospital	To describe the importance of continuing leadership education for healthcare leaders and how learnings can be applied across leaders’ career stages.	• Innovation and adaptability • Collaboration and communication • Self-development and self-awareness
Woiceshyn (2022) [61]	Canada	Empirical (qualitative)	Medical and non-clinical leaders, administrative staff; hospital	To explore the adaptive capacity of physician leaders during the COVID-19 pandemic and the creation of a peer-professional leadership model.	• Innovation and adaptability • Collaboration and communication
Wright (2018) [68]	USA	Non-empirical (perspective)	No participants; non-specific setting	To propose a sequence of actions for physician leaders to effectively develop new skills and behaviors in the context of changing healthcare.	• Innovation and adaptability • Collaboration and communication • Self-development and self-awareness

Abbreviations: USA: United States of America