Fig. 10.

Targeting CSCs through classical signaling pathways. a WNT/β-Catenin pathway. Commonly developed targets include WNT/Frizzled complex, β-Catenin/TCF, CK1α, tankyrase, and COX. b Hedgehog pathway. Commonly developed targets include SHH-PTCH interaction, SMO, and GLI. c Notch pathway. Commonly developed targets include Notch, Dll3/4, γ-secretase, ADAM. d NF-κB pathway. Commonly developed targets include NF-κB complex, IκB, IKKα/β/γ, NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK). e JAK/STAT pathway. Commonly developed targets include JAK1/2/3, STAT1/2/3/4/5. f TGF-β pathway. Commonly developed targets include TGF-β1/β2/β3, TβRI/II, Smad3/4/5. g PI3K/AKT pathway. Commonly developed targets include PI3K complex, AKT1/2/3, mTORC1/2. h PPAR pathway. Common targets that have been developed include PPARα/γ/δ