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. 2024 Jun 21;15:1380620. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1380620

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Copyright © 2024 Reininghaus, Lenger, Schönthaler, Fellendorf, Stross, Schwarz, Moll, Reininghaus and Dalkner

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Visualization of significant main and interaction effects of the repeated measure analyses of (co)variance investigating treatment response (responders versus non-responders) and time differences (measurement time 1 versus measurement time 2) regarding kynurenine (KYN) downstream metabolite levels and their ratios over time. Non-responders = Black solid line. Responders = Black dotted line. The variable 3-Hydroxyanthralinic acid (3-HAA) was previously transformed using the logarithmic transformation due to violation of homogeneity of variance. Results indicate significantly higher 3-HAA, nicotinic acid (NA), and 3-HAA/KYN levels in non-responders at each measurement time. Moreover, 3-HAA significantly increased and NA levels significantly decreased in both groups over time. Hydroxykynurenine(3-HK)/KYN significantly decreased in non-responders over time.