Table 3.
Physical and physiological responses to proprioceptive training practice
| Reference | Sample | Treatment Group | Duration of Intervention (weeks/frequency) |
Certificated Instructor | Outcome Measure | Results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gidu et al., 2022 |
Male Soccer Players (N=96) |
EG=48 (14.2±0.4) CG=48 (14.0±0.0) |
8 weeks | 2 days/30 min | NA |
Static Balance Test Vertical, Horizontal, Lateral Jumping Test Arrowhead Agility Test Short Dribbling Test |
Proprioceptive training significantly improved balance, explosive strength, agility, and dribbling skills in male football players. |
| Souglis et al., 2022 |
Female Soccer Players (N=48) |
IG=24 (23.88±3.01) CG=24 (24.4±2.84) |
16 weeks | 5 days/20 min | NA |
Body Fat Measures VO2 Max Test Agility Ladder Drills Test Illinois Agility Test Juggling, Heading, Shooting, Passing, Dribbling, Dribbling and Passing Tests |
Proprioceptive training has improved the physiological capacities and shooting, short and long passing, heading front and side, and juggling technical skills of female soccer players. |
| Harry-Leite et al., 2022 |
Male Athletes (N=60) |
SP=30 (19.4±1.2) BP=30 (20.1±2.4) |
Acute Effects | NA | YES |
Balance Error System Score Test Y-Balance Test Assessment of Joint Position Sense |
The significance of both proprioceptive and non-specific exercise sessions in enhancing knee joint position sense and balance cannot be overstated. However, proprioceptive exercises are more effective at improving joint position sense than non-specific exercises. |
|
Viran & Canlı, 2022 |
Soccer Players (N=30) |
PTG=11 (NA) CG=10 (NA) |
8 weeks | 3 days/25–30 min | NA |
20-Meter Sprint Test Pro-Agility Test Countermovement Jump Test Core Endurance Test Alternate Wall Toss Test Y Balance Test Mor-Christian General Soccer Ability Skill Test Loughborough Test |
There was no significant improvement in hand-eye coordination, vertical jump, core endurance, agility, sprint and balance performance. A significant improvement was observed in pass (shot) and ball control technical performance characteristics. |
| Achilleopoulos et al., 2022 |
Youth Female Volleyball Players (N=18) |
EG= 10 (NA) CG=8 (NA) |
8 weeks | 3 days/ 19–28 min | NA |
Dynamic Balance Test Technical Skill Tests |
8-week proprioception training improved dynamic balance and service and passing technical skills in volleyball players. |
|
Beydağı & Talu, 2021 |
Professional Male Soccer Players (N=20) |
PG=20 (20.55±3.55) | 6 weeks | 3 days/ 10–15 min | YES | Static and Dynamic Balance Tests | Proprioceptive exercises provided improvement in all of the static balance parameters of the football players. In the dynamic balance parameters, it was seen that there was an improvement in other parameters except the one-leg stance position. |
| Antohe et al., 2020 |
Junior Handball Players (N=22) |
EG= 22 (NA) | 15 weeks | 3 days/15–20 min | NA |
Muscle Coactivation Index Chronic Joint İnstability Assessment |
Proprioceptive exercises were found to be effective in reducing chronic joint instability and increasing muscle coactivation values in handball players. |
| Domeika et al., 2020 |
Basketball Players (N=31) |
BTG=17 (NA) CG=14 (NA) |
8 weeks | 3 days/ 20 min | NA |
Y Balance Test Postural Stability Test |
Proprioceptive training program has improved the balance of basketball players. |
| Rhodes et al., 2020 |
Soccer Players (N=16) |
PTG=8 (NA) CT=8 (NA) |
16 weeks | 5 days/10 min | NA | Biodex Dynamic Stability Test | Proprioceptive training program has improved the dynamic balance of football players. |
| Zacharakis et al., 2020 |
Basketball Players (N=55) |
EB Boys=15 (13.2±0.2) CG Boys=15 (13.2±0.1) EG Girls=13 (13.2±0.2) CG Girls=12 (13.2±0.2) |
8 weeks | 3 days/14–26 min | NA |
Dynamic and Static Balance Test Speed and Accurate Shooting Test Passing Accuracy Test Obstacle Dribbling Test Defensive Sliding Test Lay-Up Test No Ball Maneuver Running Test |
It was observed that 8 weeks of proprioceptive training improved passing accuracy in boys and girls, static balance and fast shooting in boys, and dynamic balance in girls. |
| De Vasconcelos et al., 2020 |
Fencing Athletes (N=19) |
IG=10 (16.80±2.34) CG=9 (24.00±6.65) |
12 weeks | 3 days/30 min | NA | Star Excursion Balance Test | 12-week Proprioceptive training program was able to improve dynamic neuromuscular control in fencing athletes. |
| Yoo et al., 2018 |
Taekwondo Athletes (N=30) |
PGT=10 (20.0±2.6) MSTG=10 (19.2±0.8) CG=10 (19.1±0.7) All Groups= 8 male, 2 females consisted |
6 weeks | 3 days/ 60 min | NA | Balance Test | Proprioceptive and muscle strength training have been shown to improve athletic performance and improve athletes’ skill levels in maintaining the taekwondo crane stance. |
| Ondra et al., 2017 |
Male Youth Basketball Players (N=20) |
IG=10 (17.3±1.3) CG=10 (16.5±1.8) |
20 weeks | 3 days/20 min | NA |
Lower Limb Dominancy Test Balance Stability Test |
Proprioceptive and neuromuscular training specifically for basketball players improved postural stability in both the dominant and non-dominant limbs. |
| Moreria et al., 2017 |
Young Soccer Players (N=24) |
PTG=12 (15.60±0.50) CST=12 (15.32±0.51) |
9 weeks | 3 days/16 min | NA |
Square Agility Test Sit Up Abdominal Strength Test Side Hope Balance Test Well Banks Flexibility Test Shuttle Run Speed Test |
Speed performance improved in both groups, but agility performance only improved in the proprioceptive training group. There was no significant difference in balance, abdominal strength, and flexibility performance between the two groups. |
| Winter et al., 2014 |
Young Speed Skaters (N=28) |
IG=14 (12.6±1.5) CG=14 (12.9±1.7) |
12 weeks | 5 days/15 min | NA |
Dynamic balance test (Biodex System) |
12-week Proprioceptive training program improved dynamic balance in young speed skaters |
| Zouita et al., 2013 |
Athletes (N=16) |
FIG=8 (21.56±2.27) NIG=8 (20.62±1.5) |
8 weeks | 3 days/20–30 min | NA |
The Balance Master System Static Balance Assessment Isokinetic Measurement |
Both groups showed an increase in maximal strength and a decrease in plantar flexion acceleration and deceleration times. However, better stability was observed in the injured group than in the healthy group. |
| Romero-Franco et al., 2013 |
Sprinter Athletes (N=33) |
EG=16 (21.18±4.48) CG=17 (22.5 ±5.12) |
6 weeks | 3 days/30 min | NA |
Squat Jump Test Countermovement Jump Test Stabiometry Test 30-meter Sprint Test |
Proprioceptive training improved medial-lateral postural balance and jump performance in athletes. No improvement seen in speed. |
| Nikolaos et al., 2012 |
Basketball Players (N=26) |
EG=13 (22.69±0.70) CG=13 (21.61±0.71) |
12 weeks | NA | NA | Passing Assessment Test | Proprioception training improved passing technique skills in basketball players |
| Evangelos et al., 2012 |
Soccer Players (N=29) |
EG= 15 (16.83±0.24) CG=14 (16.60±0.22) |
10 Weeks | NA | NA |
Jug 200, Jug Body 1, Jog Body 2 Tests Speed Dribbling Test Long and Short Passing Test Shooting Test |
Proprioception training improved shot and long passing and jug ball technique skills in soccer players |
EG: Exercise Group, PTG: Proprioceptive Training Group, MSTG= Muscular Strength Group, CST: Central Stabilization, EB: Experimental Boys, Experimental Girls: EG, IG: Intervention Group, Experimental Groups: EG, Control Groups: CG, Min: Minute, NA: Not Available, EGI: Eyes Group Exercise, FGI: Feet Group Exercise, FIG: Functional Instability Group, NIG: Non-Injured Group, SP: Soccer Players, BP: Basketball Players, TTG: Technical Training Group, BTG: Balance Training Group, PCG; Proprioceptive- Coordinative Group, RTG: Regular Training Group