Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants, stratified by NAFLD or MASLD status: NHANES III (1988–1994)
| Characteristics | NAFLD (n = 3672 ) |
Non-NAFLD (n = 6718) |
p value | MASLD (n = 3556) |
Non-MASLD (n = 6834) |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 45.0 (33.0, 61.0) | 39.0 (39.0, 55.0) | <0.001 | 46.0 (35.0, 61.0) | 38.0 (28.0, 54.0) | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 1764 (51.6) | 3146 (48.5) | 0.246 | 1743 (53.6) | 3167 (47.6) | 0.01 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1315 (67.2) | 2563 (69.9) | 1249 (65.9) | 2629 (70.4) | ||
| Non-Hispanic black | 964 (12.4) | 2234 (15.5) | 923 (12.6) | 2275 (15.3) | ||
| Mexican-American | 1236 (14.5) | 1563 (8.3) | 1225 (15.1) | 1574 (8.2) | ||
| Other race | 157(5.8) | 358 (6.3) | 159 (6.3) | 356 (6.0) | ||
| Low income, n (%) | 1302 (22.0) | 2174 (19.1) | 0.002 | 1290 (23.4) | 2182 (18.5) | <0.001 |
| Married, n (%) | 2265 (68.2) | 3738 (62.9) | <0.001 | 2213 (68.5) | 3790 (62.9) | <0.001 |
| College degree, n (%) | 392 (19.4) | 1020 (24.4) | <0.001 | 356 (17.7) | 1056 (25.1) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 873 (22.6) | 2039 (30.1) | <0.001 | 857 (22.9) | 2055 (29.8) | <0.001 |
| Sedentary lifestyle, n (%) | 1262 (26.4) | 1847 (19.7) | <0.001 | 1265 (27.3) | 1844 (19.5) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.7 (24.9, 33.1) | 25.4 (22.6, 28.7) | <0.001 | 29.2 (25.7, 33.4) | 25.1 (22.4, 28.5) | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 99.0 (88.2, 109.0) | 89.0 (80.0, 97.9) | <0.001 | 100.1 (90.7, 109.6) | 88.3 (79.1, 97.4) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 704 (15.6) | 475 (5.3) | <0.001 | 722 (17.0) | 457 (4.9) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1528 (38.9) | 1922 (25.4) | <0.001 | 1580 (42.3) | 1870 (24.1) | <0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 137.5 (89.0, 209.0) | 97.0 (69.0, 140.0) | <0.001 | 143.0 (95.0, 215.0) | 95.0 (68.0, 137.0) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 45.0 (37.0, 54.0) | 50.0 (42.0, 61.0) | <0.001 | 44.0 (37.0, 53.0) | 51.0 (42.0, 61.0) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.5 (5.1, 5.9) | 5.3 (5.0, 5.6) | <0.001 | 5.5 (5.1, 5.9) | 5.3 (5.0, 5.6) | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 95.8 (88.7, 105.8) | 91.9 (86.4, 98.6) | <0.001 | 96.7 (89.7, 107.2) | 91.6 (86.2, 98.2) | <0.001 |
| Insulin (uU/mL) | 12.23 (8.02, 19.44) | 8.12 (5.85, 11.81) | <0.001 | 12.81 (8.53, 20.22) | 7.95 (5.78, 11.52) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.00 (1.85, 5.15) | 1.85 (1.30, 2.80) | <0.001 | 3.16 (1.98, 5.40) | 1.81 (1.28, 2.72) | <0.001 |
| TyG index | 8.84 (8.34, 9.33) | 8.40 (8.05, 8.83) | <0.001 | 8.88 (8.42, 9.37) | 8.37 (8.03, 8.80) | <0.001 |
| TyG-BMI index | 260.11 (215.54,) | 215.14 (186.17, 249.09) | <0.001 | 264.59 (224.74, 306.62) | 212.92 (183.37, 247.23) | <0.001 |
| TyG-WC index | 888.01 (758.99,1002.91) | 752.18 (656.87,850.9) | <0.001 | 900.35 (786.69, 1012.19) | 744.92 (647.69, 844.88) | <0.001 |
| NFS | −2.05 (−3.09, −0.86) | −2.47 (−3.34, −1.45) | <0.001 | −1.94 ( −3.00, −0.77) | −2.50 ( −3.36, −1.50) | <0.001 |
| NFS >-1.455, n (%) | 1339 (33.8) | 1690 (23.0) | <0.001 | 1368 (36.4) | 1661 (22.0) | <0.001 |
| FIB-4 | 0.82 (0.56, 1.24) | 0.75 (0.52, 1.15) | <0.001 | 0.85 (0.58, 1.27) | 0.74 (0.51, 1.13) | <0.001 |
| FIB-4 > 1.3, n (%) | 806 (22.3) | 1250 (17.5) | <0.001 | 830 (24.0) | 1226 (16.8) | <0.001 |
| Cumulative mortality, n (%) | ||||||
| All cause | 1466 (37.6) | 2062 (27.3) | <0.001 | 1508 (40.7) | 2019 (26.0) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular specific | 391 (9.6) | 546 (6.7) | <0.001 | 398 (10.4) | 539 (6.4) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes specific | 70 (1.6) | 62 (0.6) | <0.001 | 76 (1.8) | 56 (0.5) | <0.001 |
Data are displayed as the median (interquartile range) or unweighted frequency counts (weighted percentage) as appropriate. The Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables and the Rao-Scott chi-square test for categorical variables were used in this analysis
BMI, body mass index; FIB-4, fibrosis-4 index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; MASLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NFS, NAFLD Fibrosis Score; TG, triglycerides; TyG, triglyceride-glucose; WC, waist circumference