Caffeic acid partially mitigates neuropathic alterations in PNS of diabetic mice. (A) Visualization of PGP9.5-positive intrapidermal nerve fibers (green) in plantar skin from control, DN, CA, and CA + PPP groups, 8 weeks post STZ administration. Nuclei are counterstained in blue (DAPI). Scale bars: 50 μm. (B) Measurement of the percentage area of PGP9.5-positive nerve fibers. (C) Measurement of motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV) in the sciatic nerve across control, DN, CA, and CA + PPP groups, 8 weeks post STZ administration. Statistical significance levels are indicated as follows: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. 'ns' denotes non-significant differences.