Table 5.

A selection of probiotics with their positive actions of on male reproductive functions.

Bacteria	Target	Outcome	Ref.
Proteobacteria	Sperm	↑ male seminal hyperviscosity	Monteiro et al. (2018)
L. casei CGMCC 1.570	Sperm	↑ spermatozoa motility and mitochondrial activity in boars	(J. Zhang et al., 2020)
L. plantarum TW1-1	Testes	Restored DEHP-induced testis injury in mice	Tian et al. (2019)
PRO-Men Hyperbiotics	Prostate	↓ inflammation of recurrent prostatitis in men	Pacifici et al. (2021)
L. rhamnosus GG	Prostate cancer cells	↓ prostate cancer cell viability	Celebioglu (2021)
Fecal microbiota transplantation	Testes	↑ spermatogenesis and sperm quality in mice	(P. Zhang et al., 2021)

↑: improved; ↓: reduced.