Table 1. Cases of sinonasal malignancy following cranial irradiation for brain tumor ( n  = 14) .

Case #	Author, Year	Age (y) a	Gender	Primary cancer	Primary cancer treatment	Primary cancer radiation dose	Latency period b (y)	Secondary sinonasal cancer	Secondary cancer treatment	Outcome
1	Goyal et al, 2015	17	M	Glioblastoma multiforme	Radiotherapy, chemotherapy	50.4 Gy, 28 fractions	1.5	Round cell carcinoma (undifferentiated)	Died after four cycles of chemotherapy	Rapid growth; died after 3 months
2	Ito et al, 2010	40	F	Frontal glioma (low-grade)	Resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy	54 Gy, 27 fractions	16	Osteosarcoma	Died prior to planned resection	Rapid growth; died
3	Ito et al, 2010	46	M	Bifrontal anaplastic oligoastrocytoma	Resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy	56 Gy, 28 fractions	12	Osteosarcoma	Died during radiotherapy treatment	Rapid growth; died
4	Park et al, 2008	39	F	Pituitary adenoma (prolactinoma)	Resection, radiotherapy	54 Gy, 30 fractions	20	Olfactory neuroblastoma	Resection, chemotherapy	Survived
5	Perez Garcia et al, 2011	43	F	Bifrontal astrocytoma (low-grade)	Radiotherapy	58 Gy, 5 fractions per week (holocranial 40 Gy, frontal 18 Gy)	9	Olfactory neuroblastoma	Resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy	Recurrent twice; died after 13 months
6	Wallin et al, 2007	2.5	M	Medulloblastoma and parietal meningioma	Radiotherapy (medulloblastoma), resection (parietal meningioma)	45 Gy (23.4 Gy spine, 21.6 Gy posterior fossa)	16.5	Neuroendocrine carcinoma (poorly differentiated)	Resection	Survived
7	Kakkar et al, 2019	36	F	Frontal diffuse astrocytoma	Resection, radiotherapy	56 Gy, 28 fractions	5.5	Papillary adenocarcinoma	Resection	No disease evident at 8 months
8	Patel et al, 2017	54	M	Anaplastic oligoastrocytoma	Resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy	NS	16	Carcinosarcoma	Resection, Cesium-131 brachytherapy	No disease evident at 9 months
9	Nery et al, 2022	48	M	Pituitary macroadenoma	Resection, radiotherapy	NS	12	Mucoepidermoid carcinoma	Resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy	Survived
10	Sahoo et al, 2022	12	M	Medulloblastoma	Resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy	56 Gy, 30 fractions	2	Olfactory neuroblastoma	Resection	Died after 8 months
11	Christopherson et al, 2014	7.1 c	NS	Medulloblastoma	Resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy	54 Gy (craniospinal 28.8 Gy) d	6.4	Rhabdomyosarcoma	Radiotherapy, chemotherapy	Treatment successful; last follow-up unknown
12	Packer et al, 2013	6.8 c	NS	Medulloblastoma	Resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy	55.8 Gy (23.4 Gy craniospinal, 32.4 Gy posterior fossa)	4.8	Spindle cell carcinoma	Unknown	Survived at least 1.67 years
13	Delank and Ballantyne, 1993	68	M	Pituitary adenoma (prolactinoma)	Resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy	1.8 Gy	6.5	Malignant melanoma	Resection, radiotherapy	Died after 1.5 years
14	Delank and Ballantyne, 1993	65	M	Pituitary adenoma	Resection, radiotherapy	3.0 Gy	10	Olfactory neuroblastoma	Radiotherapy, chemotherapy	Died after 9 months

Abbreviations: F, female; Gy, gray (unit); M, male; NS, not specified.

^aAge at diagnosis of brain tumor.

^bTime between irradiation of the brain tumor and diagnosis of the secondary sinonasal malignancy.

^cMedian age of study participants; participant-specific ages not specified.

^dMedian dose administered to study participants; participant-specific doses not specified.