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. 2024 May 27;8(7):igae052. doi: 10.1093/geroni/igae052

Figure 4.

Alt Text: Only dual-language group, but not single-language group and control group, showed the improvements between pretraining and follow-up sessions, as well as posttraining and follow-up sessions in RAVLT Trial 1 after training.

Comparisons between (a) pretraining and follow-up; and (b) posttraining and follow-up by Treatment groups for RAVLT trial 1 score. SL = single-language group; DL = dual-language group. Error bars indicate standard errors. The p-value and Cohen’s d indicate the significance and the effect size of the difference between pretraining and follow-up. Asterisks indicate significant differences between posttraining and follow-up. * p < .05.