Table. Characteristics of the GLP-1RA/No Insulin Group and the Insulin/No GLP-1RA Group Before and After Propensity Score Matching for Baseline Covariates Related to Colorectal Cancer.
| Characteristica | Before propensity-score matching | After propensity-score matching | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GLP-1RA/no insulin, No. (%) (n = 48 983) | Insulin/no GLP-1RA, No. (%) (n = 1 044 745) | SMD | GLP-1RA/no insulin, No. (%) (n = 48 443) | Insulin/no GLP-1RA, No. (%) (n = 48 443) | SMD | |||
| Age at index event, mean (SD), y | 55.9 (11.7) | 61.5 (15.9) | 0.42b | 55.9 (11.7) | 56.2 (13.4) | 0.02 | ||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 26 011 (53.1) | 476 110 (45.6) | 0.15b | 53.4 | 54.1 | 0.02 | ||
| Male | 20 720 (42.3) | 541 314 (51.8) | 0.19b | 42.4 | 41.8 | 0.01 | ||
| Unknown | 2252 (4.6) | 27 321 (2.6) | 0.11b | 4.5 | 4.1 | 0.02 | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| Hispanic or Latinx | 4151 (8.5) | 94 136 (9.0) | 0.02 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 0.007 | ||
| Not Hispanic or Latinx | 33 188 (67.8) | 659 375 (63.1) | 0.09 | 67.8 | 68.5 | 0.02 | ||
| Unknown | 11 644 (23.8) | 291 234 (27.9) | 0.09 | 23.7 | 23.2 | 0.01 | ||
| Race | ||||||||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 199 (0.4) | 3443 (0.3) | 0.01 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.003 | ||
| Asian | 1204 (2.5) | 41 822 (4.0) | 0.09 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 0.02 | ||
| Black or African American | 6265 (12.8) | 178 267 (17.1) | 0.12b | 12.8 | 12.2 | 0.02 | ||
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 205 (0.4) | 10 677 (1.0) | 0.07 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.03 | ||
| White | 32 592 (66.5) | 633 989 (60.7) | 0.12b | 66.6 | 68.7 | 0.05 | ||
| Unknown | 7099 (14.5) | 142 470 (13.6) | 0.03 | 14.4 | 13.5 | 0.03 | ||
| Adverse socioeconomic determinants of health | 686 (1.4) | 12 021 (1.2) | 0.02 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.03 | ||
| Family history of cancer | 2042 (4.2) | 19 398 (1.9) | 0.14b | 4.1 | 3.8 | 0.02 | ||
| Family history of cancer of digestive organs | 784 (1.6) | 6889 (0.7) | 0.09 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 0.01 | ||
| Family history of colonic polyps | 149 (0.3) | 579 (0.1) | 0.06 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.006 | ||
| Genetic susceptibility to cancer | 24 (0.0) | 156 (0.0) | 0.02 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.003 | ||
| Personal history of cancer | 1239 (2.5) | 38 294 (3.7) | 0.07 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 0.03 | ||
| Preexisting medical conditions, procedures, and medications | ||||||||
| Obesity or overweight | 18 401 (37.6) | 166 445 (15.9) | 0.50b | 37.1 | 37.1 | <.001 | ||
| Obesity due to excess calories | 9157 (18.7) | 69 998 (6.7) | 0.37b | 18.4 | 18.3 | 0.003 | ||
| Obesity, unspecified | 13 805 (28.2) | 118 555 (11.3) | 0.43b | 27.8 | 28.2 | 0.009 | ||
| Morbid (severe) obesity with alveolar hypoventilation | 150 (0.3) | 3643 (0.3) | 0.007 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.02 | ||
| BMI 30.0-39.0, adult | 4204 (8.6) | 43 128 (4.1) | 0.18b | 8.3 | 7.5 | 0.03 | ||
| BMI ≥40, adult | 3886 (7.9) | 33 396 (3.2) | 0.21b | 7.8 | 7.1 | 0.03 | ||
| Overweight defined by ICD-10 code E66.3 | 1010 (2.1) | 6796 (0.7) | 0.12b | 2.0 | 1.8 | 0.02 | ||
| BMI 25.0-25.9, adult | 157 (0.3) | 3510 (0.3) | <.001 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.01 | ||
| BMI 26.0-26.9, adult | 171 (0.3) | 3632 (0.3) | <.001 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.007 | ||
| BMI 27.0-27.9, adult | 288 (0.6) | 4209 (0.4) | 0.03 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.008 | ||
| BMI 28.0-28.9, adult | 344 (0.7) | 4508 (0.4) | 0.04 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.02 | ||
| BMI 29.0-29.9, adult | 398 (0.8) | 4843 (0.5) | 0.04 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.002 | ||
| Alcohol use disorder | 563 (1.1) | 28 538 (2.7) | 0.12b | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.03 | ||
| Nicotine dependence | 3593 (7.3) | 96 860 (9.3) | 0.07 | 7.4 | 6.4 | 0.04 | ||
| Crohn disease | 130 (0.3) | 3290 (0.3) | 0.009 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.009 | ||
| Ulcerative colitis | 165 (0.3) | 3393 (0.3) | 0.002 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.004 | ||
| Cystic fibrosis | <10 (<0.1) | 1411 (0.1) | 0.04 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.004 | ||
| Colon polyps | 2634 (5.4) | 31 528 (3.0) | 0.12b | 5.3 | 4.8 | 0.02 | ||
| Benign neoplasm of colon and rectum | 3124 (6.4) | 37 914 (3.6) | 0.13b | 6.3 | 5.6 | 0.03 | ||
| Encounter for cancer screening | 12 272 (25.1) | 105 217 (10.1) | 0.40b | 24.6 | 23.8 | 0.02 | ||
| Colonoscopy | 3806 (7.8) | 38 112 (3.6) | 0.18b | 7.7 | 6.9 | 0.03 | ||
| Bariatric surgery | 632 (1.3) | 5136 (0.5) | 0.09 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.003 | ||
| Metformin | 27 075 (55.3) | 199 802 (19.1) | 0.81b | 54.8 | 55.5 | 0.01 | ||
| Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors | 9485 (19.4) | 44 595 (4.3) | 0.48b | 18.7 | 18.9 | 0.005 | ||
| Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors | 4808 (9.8) | 6447 (0.6) | 0.42b | 8.9 | 7.8 | 0.04 | ||
| Sulfonylureas | 14 077 (28.7) | 125 703 (12.0) | 0.42b | 28.4 | 29.3 | 0.02 | ||
| Thiazolidinediones | 4107 (8.4) | 35 435 (3.4) | 0.21b | 8.3 | 8.8 | 0.02 | ||
| α-Glucosidase inhibitors | 229 (0.5) | 1718 (0.2) | 0.05 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.002 | ||
| Other blood glucose lowering drugs | 614 (1.3) | 7048 (0.7) | 0.06 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.009 | ||
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist; ICD-10, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision; SMD, standardized mean difference.
Groups before and after propensity-score matching for risk factors for colorectal cancer are shown. The status of matched variables was based on the presence of related codes anytime to 1 day before the index event (the first prescription of a GLP-1RA or insulin in March 2005 to November 2018). Adverse socioeconomic determinants of health (codes Z55-Z65) include problems related to education and literacy, employment and unemployment, housing and economic circumstances, social environment, upbringing, primary support group including family circumstances, certain psychosocial circumstances, and other psychosocial circumstances. Problems with lifestyle included tobacco use, lack of physical exercise, inappropriate diet and eating habits, high-risk sexual behavior, gambling and betting, and other problems related to lifestyle including antisocial behavior and sleep deprivation.
SMD greater than 0.10, indicating group imbalance.