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. 2024 Jul 5;7(7):e2421305. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.21305

Table. Characteristics of the GLP-1RA/No Insulin Group and the Insulin/No GLP-1RA Group Before and After Propensity Score Matching for Baseline Covariates Related to Colorectal Cancer.

Characteristica Before propensity-score matching After propensity-score matching
GLP-1RA/no insulin, No. (%) (n = 48 983) Insulin/no GLP-1RA, No. (%) (n = 1 044 745) SMD GLP-1RA/no insulin, No. (%) (n = 48 443) Insulin/no GLP-1RA, No. (%) (n = 48 443) SMD
Age at index event, mean (SD), y 55.9 (11.7) 61.5 (15.9) 0.42b 55.9 (11.7) 56.2 (13.4) 0.02
Sex
Female 26 011 (53.1) 476 110 (45.6) 0.15b 53.4 54.1 0.02
Male 20 720 (42.3) 541 314 (51.8) 0.19b 42.4 41.8 0.01
Unknown 2252 (4.6) 27 321 (2.6) 0.11b 4.5 4.1 0.02
Ethnicity
Hispanic or Latinx 4151 (8.5) 94 136 (9.0) 0.02 8.5 8.3 0.007
Not Hispanic or Latinx 33 188 (67.8) 659 375 (63.1) 0.09 67.8 68.5 0.02
Unknown 11 644 (23.8) 291 234 (27.9) 0.09 23.7 23.2 0.01
Race
American Indian or Alaska Native 199 (0.4) 3443 (0.3) 0.01 0.4 0.4 0.003
Asian 1204 (2.5) 41 822 (4.0) 0.09 2.5 2.2 0.02
Black or African American 6265 (12.8) 178 267 (17.1) 0.12b 12.8 12.2 0.02
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 205 (0.4) 10 677 (1.0) 0.07 0.4 0.3 0.03
White 32 592 (66.5) 633 989 (60.7) 0.12b 66.6 68.7 0.05
Unknown 7099 (14.5) 142 470 (13.6) 0.03 14.4 13.5 0.03
Adverse socioeconomic determinants of health 686 (1.4) 12 021 (1.2) 0.02 1.4 1.1 0.03
Family history of cancer 2042 (4.2) 19 398 (1.9) 0.14b 4.1 3.8 0.02
Family history of cancer of digestive organs 784 (1.6) 6889 (0.7) 0.09 1.6 1.4 0.01
Family history of colonic polyps 149 (0.3) 579 (0.1) 0.06 0.3 0.3 0.006
Genetic susceptibility to cancer 24 (0.0) 156 (0.0) 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.003
Personal history of cancer 1239 (2.5) 38 294 (3.7) 0.07 2.5 2.1 0.03
Preexisting medical conditions, procedures, and medications
Obesity or overweight 18 401 (37.6) 166 445 (15.9) 0.50b 37.1 37.1 <.001
Obesity due to excess calories 9157 (18.7) 69 998 (6.7) 0.37b 18.4 18.3 0.003
Obesity, unspecified 13 805 (28.2) 118 555 (11.3) 0.43b 27.8 28.2 0.009
Morbid (severe) obesity with alveolar hypoventilation 150 (0.3) 3643 (0.3) 0.007 0.3 0.2 0.02
BMI 30.0-39.0, adult 4204 (8.6) 43 128 (4.1) 0.18b 8.3 7.5 0.03
BMI ≥40, adult 3886 (7.9) 33 396 (3.2) 0.21b 7.8 7.1 0.03
Overweight defined by ICD-10 code E66.3 1010 (2.1) 6796 (0.7) 0.12b 2.0 1.8 0.02
BMI 25.0-25.9, adult 157 (0.3) 3510 (0.3) <.001 0.3 0.3 0.01
BMI 26.0-26.9, adult 171 (0.3) 3632 (0.3) <.001 0.4 0.3 0.007
BMI 27.0-27.9, adult 288 (0.6) 4209 (0.4) 0.03 0.6 0.5 0.008
BMI 28.0-28.9, adult 344 (0.7) 4508 (0.4) 0.04 0.7 0.6 0.02
BMI 29.0-29.9, adult 398 (0.8) 4843 (0.5) 0.04 0.8 0.8 0.002
Alcohol use disorder 563 (1.1) 28 538 (2.7) 0.12b 1.2 0.8 0.03
Nicotine dependence 3593 (7.3) 96 860 (9.3) 0.07 7.4 6.4 0.04
Crohn disease 130 (0.3) 3290 (0.3) 0.009 0.3 0.2 0.009
Ulcerative colitis 165 (0.3) 3393 (0.3) 0.002 0.3 0.3 0.004
Cystic fibrosis <10 (<0.1) 1411 (0.1) 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.004
Colon polyps 2634 (5.4) 31 528 (3.0) 0.12b 5.3 4.8 0.02
Benign neoplasm of colon and rectum 3124 (6.4) 37 914 (3.6) 0.13b 6.3 5.6 0.03
Encounter for cancer screening 12 272 (25.1) 105 217 (10.1) 0.40b 24.6 23.8 0.02
Colonoscopy 3806 (7.8) 38 112 (3.6) 0.18b 7.7 6.9 0.03
Bariatric surgery 632 (1.3) 5136 (0.5) 0.09 1.3 1.2 0.003
Metformin 27 075 (55.3) 199 802 (19.1) 0.81b 54.8 55.5 0.01
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors 9485 (19.4) 44 595 (4.3) 0.48b 18.7 18.9 0.005
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors 4808 (9.8) 6447 (0.6) 0.42b 8.9 7.8 0.04
Sulfonylureas 14 077 (28.7) 125 703 (12.0) 0.42b 28.4 29.3 0.02
Thiazolidinediones 4107 (8.4) 35 435 (3.4) 0.21b 8.3 8.8 0.02
α-Glucosidase inhibitors 229 (0.5) 1718 (0.2) 0.05 0.5 0.5 0.002
Other blood glucose lowering drugs 614 (1.3) 7048 (0.7) 0.06 1.2 1.2 0.009

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist; ICD-10, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision; SMD, standardized mean difference.

a

Groups before and after propensity-score matching for risk factors for colorectal cancer are shown. The status of matched variables was based on the presence of related codes anytime to 1 day before the index event (the first prescription of a GLP-1RA or insulin in March 2005 to November 2018). Adverse socioeconomic determinants of health (codes Z55-Z65) include problems related to education and literacy, employment and unemployment, housing and economic circumstances, social environment, upbringing, primary support group including family circumstances, certain psychosocial circumstances, and other psychosocial circumstances. Problems with lifestyle included tobacco use, lack of physical exercise, inappropriate diet and eating habits, high-risk sexual behavior, gambling and betting, and other problems related to lifestyle including antisocial behavior and sleep deprivation.

b

SMD greater than 0.10, indicating group imbalance.