Table 3.
Chi-square test and analysis of variance results with preschool-age variables and children’s trajectory classes of externalizing behavior
| Variables | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||
| 1. Chronic (n = 9) | 2. Rising (n = 23) | 3. Decreasing (n = 38) | 4. Low (n = 168) | ||
|
| |||||
| Gender | 7 boys, 2 girls | 14 boys, 9 girls | 18 boys, 20 girls | 86 boys, 82 girls | χ2 (3) = 3.47, p = .325 |
| Child race | 8 non-Hispanic Whites, 1 other | 19 non-Hispanic Whites, 4 others | 35 non-Hispanic Whites, 2 others | 139 non-Hispanic Whites, 26 others | χ2 (3) = 2.96, p = .399 |
| Family SES | 53.50 (9.55) | 54.34 (11.80) | 53.93 (10.19) | 54.62 (10.99) | F (3, 229) = 0.06, p = .979 |
| Maternal warmth | −0.80 (2.04) | −0.22 (1.53) | −0.47 (1.94) | 0.20 (1.63) | F (3, 229) = 2.51, p = .060 |
| Harsh discipline | 15.67 (11.14) | 8.78 (8.32) | 6.03 (6.76) | 5.54 (5.96) | F (3, 27.27) = 3.28, p = .036 |
| Effortful control | −0.97 (0.61)a<b,c,d | −0.20 (0.57) | −0.25 (0.56)c<d | 0.12 (0.60) | F (3, 224) = 13.34, p < .001 |
| Theory of mind | 0.22 (0.44)a<c,d | 1.04 (1.43) | 1.49 (1.99) | 1.77 (2.29) | F (3, 51.71) = 15.44, p < .001 |
| IQ | −0.09 (0.57) | −0.14 (0.66) | −0.11 (0.77) | 0.04 (0.82) | F (3, 222) = 0.62, p = .603 |
Note: The values in the variables columns are means (standard deviations). Superscript letters indicate significant differences in pairwise comparisons of externalizing trajectories (ps < .05). Bonferroni adjustments were corrected for multiple comparisons in pairwise comparisons, except for analyses of variance that violated tests of homogeneity of variances, in which case we used Tamhane Time 2 correction. SES, socioeconomic status.