Table 4.

Association between ASDAS and BASDAI and blood pressure, lipid profile, obesity and insulin resistance parameters at enrolment in men and women with axSpA

CV risk features	Sex	ASDAS, β (p)				BASDAI, β (p)
		Univariable		Multivariable		Univariable		Multivariable
		β coefficient (95% CI)	P value	β coefficient (95% CI)	P value*	β coefficient (95% CI)	P value	β coefficient (95% CI)	P value*
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	Men	1 (0.01 to 3)	0.048†	1 (−0.3 to 3)	0.122	0.8 (0.2 to 1)	0.011†	0.8 (0.1 to 1)	0.018†
	Women	3 (0.6 to 5)	0.013†	0.4 (−2 to 3)	0.730	1 (0.4 to 2)	0.004†	0.3 (−0.7 to 1)	0.561
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	Men	1 (0.1 to 2)	0.030†	1 (0.2 to 2)	0.024†	0.7 (0.3 to 1)	0.001†	0.8 (0.3 to 1)	0.001†
	Women	1 (−0.1 to 2)	0.083	0.3 (−1 to 2)	0.662	0.3 (−0.2 to 0.9)	0.208
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	Men	0.8 (−3 to 4)	0.64			1 (−0.1 to 3)	0.059	1 (−0.2 to 3)	0.098
	Women	3 (−2 to 7)	0.23			2 (0.2 to 4)	0.032†	1 (−0.9 to 4)	0.24
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	Men	0.8 (−2 to 4)	0.588			0.9 (−0.4 to 2)	0.186	0.7 (−0.7 to 2)	0.348
	Women	2 (−2 to 6)	0.348			0.9 (−0.9 to 3)	0.334
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	Men	−3 (−4 to −2)	0.001†	−3 (−4 to −2)	0.000*	−0.6 (−1 to 0.1)	0.012†	−0.6 (−1 to −0.03)	0.039†
	Women	−2 (−4 to 0.2)	0.076	−2 (−4 to 1)	0.202	−0.4 (−1 to 0.6)	0.410
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	Men	4 (−4 to 11)	0.338			3 (−0.4 to 6)	0.085	3 (−0.9 to 6)	0.135
	Women	17(9−24)	<0.001†	14(4−23)	0.005*	8 (5 to 11)	<0.001†	7 (3 to 11)	0.001†
Atherogenic index	Men	0.3 (0.2 to 0.4)	<0.001†	0.3 (0.1 to 0.4)	0.000*	0.08 (0.04 to 0.1)	<0.001†	0.07 (0.03 to 0.1)	0.002
	Women	0.2 (0.07 to 0.3)	0.002†	0.1 (−0.02 to 0.3)	0.085	0.08 (0.03 to 0.1)	0.003†	0.06 (−0.01 to 0.1)	0.090
Body mass index (kg/m2)	Men	0.6 (0.2 to 1)	0.002†	0.5 (0.1 to 1)	0.009*	0.2 (0.01 to 0.3)	0.040†	0.1 (−0.03 to 0.3)	0.110
	Women	2 (1 to 2)	<0.001†	2 (0.7 to 2)	0.001*	0.5 (0.2 to 0.8)	0.001†	0.4 (0.04 to 0.8)	0.030†
Waist circumference (cm)	Men	3 (2 to 4)	<0.001†	2 (1 to 3)	0.000*	0.6 (0.1 to 1)	0.018†	0.4 (−0.07 to 1)	0.091
	Women	4 (2 to 6)	<0.001†	3 (1 to 5)	0.003*	1 (0.4 to 2)	0.004†	0.7 (−0.2 to 2)	0.133
Glucose (mg/dL)	Men	0.5 (−3 to 4)	0.744			0.6 (−0.8 to 2)	0.438
	Women	3 (0.6 to 6)	0.018†	4 (0.4 to 8)	0.033*	1.45 (0.18 to 2.72)	0.026†	1.69 (−0.06 to 3.44)	0.059
Insulin (U/mL)	Men	2 (−4 to 7)	0.539			0.6 (−2 to 3)	0.628
	Women	4 (0.7 to 7)	0.015†	3 (−0.8 to 7)	0.117	1 (0.1 to 3)	0.034†	1.26 (−0.47 to 2.98)	0.151
C-peptide (ng/mL)	Men	0.21 (−0.12 to 0.55)	0.21			0.1 (−0.01 to 0.29)	0.070	0.13 (−0.03 to 0.29)	0.105
	Women	0.56 (0.21 to 0.90)	0.002†	0.3 (−0.06 to 0.7)	0.094	0.2 (0.08 to 0.4)	0.003†	0.11 (−0.07 to 0.29)	0.229
HOMA2-IR, %	Men	0.3 (−0.06 to 0.7)	0.106	0.3 (−0.1 to 0.7)	0.162	1 (−0.07 to 0.3)	0.256
	Women	0.3 (−0.02 to 0.5)	0.066	0.2 (−0.1 to 0.6)	0.178	0.07 (−0.05 to 2)	0.232
HOMA2-S, %	Men	−11 (−33 to 11)	0.327			−4 (−14 to 5)	0.371
	Women	−11 (−28 to 6)	0.211			−2 (−10 to 5)	0.539
QUICKI	Men	−0.01 (−0.01 to 0.002)	0.160	−0.002 (−0.01 to 0.01)	0.722	−0.001 (−0.005 to 0.003)	0.511
	Women	−0.01 (−0.02 to 0.003)	0.017†	−0.02 (−0.03 to −0.004)	0.001†	−0.003 (−0.01 to 0.001)	0.153	−0.004 (−0.01 to 0.002)	0.143
TyG index	Men	−0.008 (−0.05 to 0.03)	0.70			0.008 (−0.01 to 0.03)	0.38
	Women	0.02 (−0.03 to 0.08)	0.42			−0.006 (−0.03 to 0.02)	0.66

Values in bold meant that the differences were statistically significant

*Adjusted for confounding factors (age, smoking, statins, TNF-inhibitors, DMARDs, NSAIDs, disease duration, age at diagnosis, r-axSpA/nr-axSpA ratio.

†P<0.05. Columns are independent variables and rows are the dependent. Adjustment is only performed for univariable relations who had a p value inferior to 0.20.

ASDAS, Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score; axSpA, axial spondyloarthritis; BASDAI, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index; CV, cardiovascular; HOMA2-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA2-S, homeostatic model assessment of insulin sensitivity; QUICKI, Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; TyG, triglyceride-glucose.