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. 2024 Jul 7;14:15621. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-66486-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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TB exposure is associated with a downregulated pattern of expression profiles. Scatter plots of median show that irrespective of IGRA status and HIV status, TB exposure (black dots) affects gene expression compared to no known history of TB exposure–HC individuals (blue dots). TBExHIV- included 19 LTBI and 13 TBExIGRA- participants while TBExHIV + included 5 LTBI and 8 TBExIGRA- participants. Statistical comparison was performed using Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn's Test with Bonferroni corrected p-values for multiple comparisons. *Denotes p < 0.05, **denotes p < 0.01, ***denotes p < 0.001 and ****denotes p < 0.0001.