Table 1.

Demographic and clinical features of patients with Parkinson’s disease among different H&Y stages (PD) (n = 243).

Variables [Mean ± SD or n (%)]	H&Y stage I	H&Y stage II	H&Y stage III
n (%)	87 (35.80%)	80 (32.92%)	76 (31.27%)
Age (yrs.)	66.26 ± 6.17	70.56 ± 6.14	71.53 ± 6.33
Female	37	57	38
	50	23	38
BMI	23.84 ± 3	23.16 ± 2.6	23.71 ± 3.09
MDS-UPDRS Part III	13.75 ± 5.46	24.74 ± 7.39	29.5 ± 9.49
Balance and Risk of Fall
BBS	51.47 ± 3.19	46.23 ± 3.86	38.39 ± 7.29
TUG (seconds)	11.44 ± 18.4	13.09 ± 4.75	20.97 ± 20.61
FTSST (seconds)	11.35 ± 2.79	14.05 ± 4.71	17.25 ± 8.12
Muscle strength outcomes
Knee flexion (N·m)	24.86 ± 12.31	18.92 ± 9.14	13.51 ± 7.51
Knee extension (N·m)	50.68 ± 22.36	41.18 ± 19.54	29.14 ± 15.95
Gait cycle assessment
FOG	4.25 ± 4.32	7.21 ± 5.79	9.72 ± 6.97
Step length(m)	0.51 ± 0.07	0.45 ± 0.09	0.38 ± 0.1
Speed of gait(m/s)	0.96 ± 0.18	0.82 ± 0.17	0.67 ± 0.2
Toe-off angle (°)	30.97 ± 11.57	24.09 ± 10.82	21.07 ± 8.64
Quality of life
Mobility	12.16 ± 15.31	26.53 ± 18.78	39.08 ± 26.43
Activities of daily living	10.35 ± 11.57	23.39 ± 20.59	28.34 ± 25.76
Emotional well-being	17.67 ± 17.07	24.9 ± 20.97	16.89 ± 19.85
Stigma	19.83 ± 22.52	28.59 ± 28.05	22.53 ± 23.39
Social support	8.81 ± 14.84	14.27 ± 18	11.4 ± 17.52
Cognition	24.07 ± 16.33	27.97 ± 18.28	29.03 ± 21.3
Communication	8.14 ± 14.49	16.87 ± 19.12	27.3 ± 28.01
Bodily discomfort	28.83 ± 20.95	31.77 ± 21.95	37.94 ± 25.76
PDQ-39 SI	16.23 ± 10.77	24.29 ± 13.34	26.56 ± 15.51

BMI, body mass index; H&Y, Hoehn and Yahr; MDS-UPDRS, movement disorder society–sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; BBS, Berg Balance Scale; TUG, timed up-to-go test; FTSST, five times sit-to-stand test; FOG, freezing of gait; PDQ-39 SI, the 39-item Parkinson’s disease questionnaire summary index score.