| HUVECs |
CD31 (PECAM-1), CD144 (VE-Cadherin), vWF, eNOS |
-
1.
robust ability to form vessel-like structures in vitro and in vivo
-
2.
ease of isolation and characterization
-
3.
extensively studied in vascular research
|
-
1.
source variability with differences in genetic and phenotypic characteristics between donors
-
2.
limited in vivo functionality long term
-
3.
prone to senescence during prolonged culturing
-
4.
limited ability to form microvessels
-
5.
HUVECs can overexpress inflammatory markers under certain conditions
-
6.
ethical concern with supply in some parts of the world
|
| EPCs |
early EPC markers:
CD34, CD133, VEGFR-2
late EPC markers:
CD31 (PECAM-1), CD144 (VE-Cadherin), vWF, eNOS |
-
1.
inherent angiogenic capabilities
-
2.
ability to home to ischemic sites
-
3.
potential for rapid proliferation and maturation into ECs1
|
-
1.
phenotypic heterogeneity due to lack of specific markers
-
2.
finite proliferative potential in adult peripheral blood
-
3.
challenges in achieving full maturity and function as mature ECs
|
| hPSCs (hiPSCs/hESCs) |
hPSC-ECs:
CD31 (PECAM-1), CD144 (VE-Cadherin), vWF, eNOS
loss of pluripotency markers:
LIN28, OCT4, NANOG, SOX2, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, UTF1
|
-
1.
patient-specific (hiPSCs) and autologous source for personalized medicine
-
2.
versatility in differentiation into both ECs and perivascular cells
-
3.
provides a renewable source of cells
-
4.
can be precisely modified using the CRISPR-Cas9 system
-
5.
physiologically relevant to model inflammatory conditions
|
-
1.
achieving high and consistent yield of hPSC-ECs remains a challenge
-
2.
risk of in vivo teratoma formation from residual undifferentiated cells
-
3.
reprogramming somatic cells can result in genetic and epigenetic abnormalities
-
4.
differentiation protocols are complex and resource intensive
-
5.
hPSC-EC populations can be heterogeneous and contain off-target cells
-
6.
some hPSC-ECs can be immunogenic
|
