GHK-Cu attenuates the cellular injury and oxidative stress in CS-exposed macrophages: A. ROS levels in CS-exposed RAW264.7 cells and primary AMs, as well as after the treatment with different doses of GHK-Cu. B. Mitochondrial membrane potential in CS-exposed RAW264.7 cells, as well as after the treatment with different doses of GHK-Cu, was detected using flow cytometry via TRME staining. C. Mitochondrial membrane potential in CS-exposed RAW264.7 cells and primary AMs, as well as after the treatment with different doses of GHK-Cu, was detected using fluorescence confocal microscopy via JC-1 staining. D. SOD inhibition rate of RAW264.7 cells exposed to CS and treated with different doses of GHK-Cu. E. Antioxidant activity of RAW264.7 cells exposed to CS and treated with different doses of GHK-Cu. F. Detection of the level of mitophagy of RAW264.7 cells exposed to CS and treated with different doses of GHK-Cu according to the fluorescence results. ns: p ≥ 0.05, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001.