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. 2024 Jul 8;43:189. doi: 10.1186/s13046-024-03090-z

Table 1.

Clinicopathological patient characteristics

Patient characteristics Discovery (n = 20) Technical validation (n = 61) Clinical validation (n = 95)
PDAC
(n = 10)
Benign
(n = 10)
p-value PDAC
(n = 30)
Benign (n = 31) p-value PDAC (n = 33) CCA
(n = 32)
Benign (n = 30) p-value
Age, y (%)
 < 60 1 (10) 5 (50) 6 (20) 10 (33) 7 (21) 5 (16) 13 (43)
 ≥ 60 9 (90) 5 (50) 0.1409 24 (80) 21 (67) 0.3844 26 (79) 27 (84) 17 (57) 0.014
 Mean (SD) 74 (12) 52 (16) 0.0029 69 (12) 66 (14) 0.4643 69 (11) 69 (8) 63 (13) 0.065
Sex (%)
 Female 3 (30) 6 (60) 9 (30) 9 (29) 15 (45) 15 (47) 11 (37)
 Male 7 (70) 4 (40) 0.3698 21 (70) 22 (71) 1.0000 18 (55) 17 (53) 19 (63) 0.504
History of PSC (%) 0 (0) 1 (10) 1.0000 0 (0) 0 (0) 1.0000 1 (3) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1.000
Chronic pancreatitis (%) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1.0000 2 (7) 8 (26) 0.0807 2 (6) 0 (0) 6 (20) 0.011
Blood parameters, mean (SD)
 CA 19 − 9 (U/mL) 4090 (5051) 19 (13) 0.0040 7371 (11,310) 303 (1025) 0.0256 951 (2310) 794 (2069) 28 (48) < 0.001
 Bilirubin (ng/mL) 177 (103) 24 (12) < 0.0001 229 (131) 51 (70) < 0.0001 131 (184) 120 (141) 12 (9) < 0.001
 CRP (µg/mL) 52 (90) 15 (14) 0.2370 57 (78) 28 (35) 0.1479 17 (22) 34 (48) 11 (18) 0.039
Anatomical location
 Head of pancreas 7 (70) 24 (80) 28 (85) 31 (97)
 Uncinate process 1 (10) 3 (10) 0 (0) 0 (0)
 Mixed HOP/Uncinate 2 (20) 3 (10) 0 (0) 0 (0)
 Body of pancreas 0 (0) 0 (0) 3 (9) 0 (0)
 Isthmus of pancreas 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (3) 0 (0)
 Ampulla of vater 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (3) 0 (0)
 Common bile duct 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (3)
Tumour stage (%)
 T1 0 (0) - 0 (0) - 6 (18) 2 (6) -
 T2 0 (0) - 6 (20) - 12 (36) 10 (31) -
 T3 0 (0) - 4 (13) - 15 (46) 19 (60) -
 T4 10 (100) - 20 (67) - 0 (0) 1 (3) -
Nodal disease (%) 5 (50) - 20 (67) - 23 (69) 28 (88) -
Metastatic disease (%) 6 (60) - 11 (37) - 1 (3) 1 (3) -

P-values < 0.05 are highlighted in bold. HOP: head of pancreas; PDAC: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; CA 19 − 9: Carbohydrate antigen 19 − 9; CRP: C-Reactive Protein