Table 5.

Occupational risk factors for musculoskeletal diseases.

Disease/ health condition	Consistent evidence for association	Limited or inadequate evidence for association
Knee osteoarthritis	Biomechanical exposures Heavy lifting Kneeling and squatting in combination Physically heavy work	Biomechanical exposures Climbing stairs Kneeling Lifting and carrying heavy loads in combination Lifting and kneeling/squatting in combination Standing
Hip osteoarthritis	Physical exposures Whole body vibration (in men) Biomechanical exposures Heavy lifting	Biomechanical exposures Kneeling and squatting in combination Lifting and carrying heavy loads in combination Standing
Hand/wrist osteoarthritis		Physical exposures Hand-arm vibration Biomechanical exposures Forceful hand movement Highly repetitive hand tasks
Subacromial pain syndrome	Biomechanical exposures Arm elevation (hands at or above shoulder level) Combined biomechanical exposures Forceful shoulder exertion (e.g. lifting/carrying and pushing/pulling)	Physical exposures Hand-arm vibration Biomechanical exposures Repetitive shoulder movement Psychosocial exposures Job control/decision latitude Psychosocial job demands Social support
Sciatic pain		Physical exposures Whole-body vibration, professional driving Biomechanical exposures Kneeling/squatting Manual material handling (lifting, carrying, pushing/pulling) Physically heavy work Sitting at work Spinal loading Trunk flexion, twisting of the trunk Working with hands above shoulder level Psychosocial exposures: Job control Job demands Job satisfaction Social support Underutilization of skills and expertise Organizational exposures Irregular or long working hours
Sciatica		Physical exposures Whole-body vibration, professional driving Biomechanical exposures Kneeling/squatting Lifting and bending of the trunk Lifting and carrying Physically heavy work Sitting at work (not driving) Twisting of the trunk, bending and twisting of the trunk
Non-specific low back pain	Physical exposures Whole-body vibration Biomechanical exposures Awkward trunk posture, including bending Combined biomechanical exposures Heavy lifting Manual material handling/patient handling Psychosocial exposures Job control Job dissatisfaction Job strain Psychosocial job demands	Biomechanical exposures Carrying, pushing, or pulling Kneeling/squatting Physically heavy work Repetitive movement Sitting at work Standing (alone or in combination with walking) Psychosocial exposures Effort-reward imbalance Highly monotonous work Job insecurity Social support
Carpal tunnel syndrome	Physical exposures Hand-arm vibration Biomechanical exposures Hand force Repetitive movement	Chemical and biological exposures Chemicals (non-specific) Physical exposures: Working in a cold environment Biomechanical exposures Computer work Extended/flexed wrist Psychosocial exposures Job control Psychosocial work demands

Supplementary Tables S2–S6 show this information grouped by exposure type, with the full list of references.