Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Author, year | Population | Continent | Drug | Sample (total) | Sample (drug) | Mean age | Male % | Follow-up | Person-years | PSM | Adjustment covariates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Watanabe, 2020 | CKD | Asia | A | 2797 | 697 | 60 | 54 | 4.80 | 3.35 | − | Age, sex, smoking, BMI, comorbidities, eGFR, urinary protein, uric acid, hemoglobin, and albumin |
| Ju, 2019 | Gout | Asia | A or F | 7214 | 3607 | 72 | 71 | 1.97 | 7.11 | + | Age, sex, comorbidities, and medications |
| Hung, 2020 | ADPKD | Asia | A | 651 | 71 | 47 | 48 | 3.90 | 0.28 | − | Age, sex, residency, comorbidities, and medications |
| Kuo, 2015 | Gout | Europe | A | 7038 | 3519 | 64 | 72 | 3.00 | 10.56 | + | Age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, comorbidities, and medications |
| Larsen, 2015 | Hyperuricemia | Europe | A | 10338 | 5197 | 63 | 73 | 5.08 | 26.40 | + | Age, sex, comorbidities, medications, eGFR, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, proteinuria, and uric acid |
| Weisman, 2021 | Gout | North America | A | 5937 | 1304 | 75 | 64 | 1.11 | 1.45 | + | Age, sex, residence, comorbidities, previous treatment burden, medications, eGFR, and uric acid |
| Luk, 2009 | Hyperuricemia | North America | A | 9924 | 2483 | 64 | 99 | 2.40 | 5.96 | − | Age, sex, race, BMI, comorbidities, health care utilization, medications, eGFR, cholesterol, and albumin |
| Wei J, 2022 | Gout and CKD | Europe | A | 10454 | 5227 | 74 | 61 | 5.00 | 26.14 | + | Sex, age, region, socioeconomic deprivation, BMI, smoking, alcohol, severity of kidney disease, and comorbidities |
| Dubreuil, 2014 | Hyperuricemia | Europe | A | 11854 | 5927 | 67 | 69 | 2.90 | 17.19 | + | Demographic, BMI, comorbidities, healthcare utilization, medications, and laboratory measurements |
| Wei L, 2009 (prevalent users) | Heart failure (prevalent users) | Europe | A | 4518 | 258 | 74 | 63 | 4.80 | 1.24 | − | Age, sex, Carstair’s deprivation code, comorbidities, and medications |
| Wei L, 2009 (incident users) | Heart failure (incident users) | Europe | A | 4527 | 267 | 69 | 59 | 4.80 | 1.28 | − | Age, sex, Carstair’s deprivation code, comorbidities, and medications |
| Tsuruta, 2014 | ESRD, Dialysis | Asia | A | 6252 | 1561 | 60 | 68 | 1.75 | 2.73 | + | Demographics, comorbidities, and laboratory measurements |
PSM — propensity score matching; A — allopurinol; F — febuxostat; CKD — chronic kidney disease; ADPKD — autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, ESRD — end-stage renal disease