Table 2.
Clinical and surgical characteristics of the included studies
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Ref.
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Surgical procedure
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Sarcopenia/no sarcopenia
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Measurements of sarcopenia
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Sarcopenia definition
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Original cancer type
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BMI
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Outcomes
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| Nishida et al[10], 2016 | PD | Pancreatic tumor = 80/83; bile duct tumor = 42/40; other malignant disease = 9/10; benign disease = 1/1 | 21.15 ± 3.45/22.89 ± 3.67 | Complications (C-D ≥ III), wound infection, pancreatic fistula, death | L3 SMI | Males < 43 cm2/m2 with BMI < 25 kg/m2, < 53 cm2/m2 with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2; females < 41 cm2/m2 |
| Sandini et al[11], 2016 | Whipple or pylorus-preserving PD | - | - | Wound infection, urinary tract infection, pneumonia, pancreatic fistula, biliary fistula | CT TAMA | Males < 43 cm2/m2 with BMI < 25 kg/m2, < 53 cm2/m2 with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2; females < 41 cm2/m2 |
| Takagi et al[12], 2017 | PD | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma = 25/61; bile duct carcinoma = 7/20; periampullar adenocarcinoma = 10/18; duodenal adenocarcinoma = 1/9; intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm = 6/26; others = 6/30 | 21.70 ± 3.00/22.00 ± 3.40 | Overall complications, wound infection, bacteremia, urinary tract infection, pneumonia, pancreatic fistula, total length of hospital stay, death | CT L3 SBI | Male < 68.5 cm2/m2; female < 52.5 cm2/m2 |
| Stretch et al[13], 2018 | Whipple | Pancreatic tumor = 37/47; non-pancreatic tumor = 13/26 | 23.5 ± 3.6/26.3 ± 6.5 | Complications (C-D ≥ III), total length of hospital stay | CT L3 SMI | Male < 47.7 cm2/m2; female < 36.5 cm2/m2 |
| Tankel et al[14], 2018 | Pylorus-preserving PD | - | 21.9 ± 2.0/25.0 ± 3.2 | Complications (C-D ≥ III), pancreatic fistula, total length of hospital stay | CT L3 TPAI | Male < 83.41 cm2/m2; female < 65.28 cm2/m2 |
| Umetsu et al[6], 2018 | Whipple | Distal cholangiocarcinoma = 48/17 | 21.70 ± 2.63/24.34 ± 2.84 | Complications (C-D ≥ III), pancreatic fistula, death | CT L3 PMI | Male < 5.93 cm2/m2; female < 3.54 cm2/m2 |
| Centonze et al[15], 2020 | Whipple | Pancreatic carcinoma or pancreatitis = 21/44; other = 15/30 | 25.36 ± 3.86/24.35 ± 2.27 | Wound infection, bacteremia, urinary tract infection, pancreatic fistula, biliary fistula | CT L3 HUAC | Male < 16.37 HU; female < 14.21 HU |
| Xu et al[16], 2020 | PD | - | - | Overall complications, total length of hospital stay, death | CT L3 TPAI | Male < 4.78 cm2/m2; female < 3.46 cm2/m2 |
| Peng et al[17], 2021 | PD | Pancreatic cancer = 20/96 | 21.2 ± 2.2/22.9 ± 2.80 | Complications (C-D ≥ III), total length of hospital stay | CT L3 SMI | Male < 42.2 cm2/m2; female < 33.9 cm2/m2 |
| Pessia et al[18], 2021 | PD | Pancreatic head adenocarcinoma = 32/36 | 19.60/21.40 | Complications (C-D ≥ III) | CT L3 SMI | Male < 52.4 cm2/m2; female < 38.5 cm2/m2 |
| Duan et al[19], 2021 | Pylorus-preserving PD | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma = 48/77; pancreatic cystic tumor = 14/20; pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors = 6/9; periampullar tumor = 35/43; trauma = 1/3; others = 4/5 | 22.50 ± 4.1/23.20 ± 3.9 | Overall complications, pneumonia, pancreatic fistula, biliary fistula, total length of hospital stay, death | CT L3 SMI | Male < 47.32 cm2/m2; female < 40.65 cm2/m2 |
| Nauheim et al[20], 2022 | PD | Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma = 50/141; periampullar/duodenal carcinoma = 10/24; cholangiocarcinoma = 3/8; other = 6/10; benign/premalignant = 14/67 | 25.9 ± 4.4/27.9 ± 5.5 | Overall complications, complications (C-D ≥ III), wound infection, urinary tract infection; pneumonia, pancreatic fistula, death | CT L3 PMI | Lowest quartile |
| Aoki et al[21], 2022 | PD | Pancreatic carcinoma = 14/69; bile duct carcinoma = 2/21; intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm = 2/40; periampullar carcinoma = 1/13; others = 0/18 | 20.14 ± 1.36/22.11 ± 3.52 | Complications (C-D ≥ III), wound infection, bacteremia, pneumonia, pancreatic fistula | EWGSOP2 | Male: SMI < 7 kg/m2; grip strength < 27 kg; gait speed < 0.8 m/s; female: SMI < 6 kg/m2; grip strength < 16 kg; gait speed < 0.8 m/s |
| Umezawa et al[7], 2022 | PD | Distal cholangiocarcinoma = 44/44 | 21.47 ± 3.45/22.37 ± 3.07 | Complications (C-D ≥ III) | CT L3 PMI | Male < 6.36 cm2/m2; female < 3.98 cm2/m2 |
| La Vaccara et al[5], 2023 | PD | Periampullary cancers = 54/28 | - | Urinary tract infection, pneumonia, pancreatic fistula, biliary fistula | CT L3 SMI | Male < 55.4 m2/m2; female < 38.9 cm2/m2 |
| Cai et al[22], 2023 | PD | Periampullar neoplasms = 47/82 | 21.50 ± 2.50/24.20 ± 3.30 | Pancreatic fistula, biliary fistula | CT L3 SMI | Male < 44.2 cm2/m2; female < 33.9 cm2/m2 |
SMI: Skeletal muscle index; TAMA: Total abdominal muscle area; SBI: SMA/BSA index; TPA: Total psoas muscle area index; PMI: Psoas muscle mass index; PD: Pancreaticoduodenectomy; BMI: Body mass index; C-D: Clavien-Dindo.