Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients, stratified by COVID-19 status and pre-existing kidney health status (acute kidney injury during acute phase of COVID-19 infection (AKI), chronic kidney disease stage 2+ (CKD), and no AKI or CKD).
| COVID-19 Negative | COVID-19 Positive | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No AKI or CKD (N=1383464) | CKD (N=14999) | AKI (N=14305) | Overall (N=1412768) | No AKI or CKD (N=477031) | CKD (N=6483) | AKI (N=3864) | Overall (N=487378) | |
| Age at Cohort Entry, year | ||||||||
| 0 | 129940 (9.4%) | 311 (2.1%) | 2714 (19.0%) | 132965 (9.4%) | 50881 (10.7%) | 78 (1.2%) | 394 (10.2%) | 51353 (10.5%) |
| 1 | 121994 (8.8%) | 382 (2.5%) | 975 (6.8%) | 123351 (8.7%) | 36658 (7.7%) | 186 (2.9%) | 263 (6.8%) | 37107 (7.6%) |
| 2 | 96371 (7.0%) | 447 (3.0%) | 789 (5.5%) | 97607 (6.9%) | 27017 (5.7%) | 184 (2.8%) | 200 (5.2%) | 27401 (5.6%) |
| 3 | 88968 (6.4%) | 403 (2.7%) | 626 (4.4%) | 89997 (6.4%) | 23621 (5.0%) | 146 (2.3%) | 174 (4.5%) | 23941 (4.9%) |
| 4 | 84248 (6.1%) | 456 (3.0%) | 465 (3.3%) | 85169 (6.0%) | 22657 (4.7%) | 156 (2.4%) | 126 (3.3%) | 22939 (4.7%) |
| 5 | 81769 (5.9%) | 488 (3.3%) | 480 (3.4%) | 82737 (5.9%) | 20644 (4.3%) | 150 (2.3%) | 120 (3.1%) | 20914 (4.3%) |
| 6 | 72583 (5.2%) | 434 (2.9%) | 472 (3.3%) | 73489 (5.2%) | 19689 (4.1%) | 146 (2.3%) | 119 (3.1%) | 19954 (4.1%) |
| 7 | 64123 (4.6%) | 405 (2.7%) | 393 (2.7%) | 64921 (4.6%) | 19318 (4.0%) | 137 (2.1%) | 97 (2.5%) | 19552 (4.0%) |
| 8 | 58493 (4.2%) | 431 (2.9%) | 356 (2.5%) | 59280 (4.2%) | 19061 (4.0%) | 148 (2.3%) | 102 (2.6%) | 19311 (4.0%) |
| 9 | 54729 (4.0%) | 432 (2.9%) | 366 (2.6%) | 55527 (3.9%) | 19486 (4.1%) | 157 (2.4%) | 102 (2.6%) | 19745 (4.1%) |
| 10 | 51905 (3.8%) | 493 (3.3%) | 392 (2.7%) | 52790 (3.7%) | 20048 (4.2%) | 197 (3.0%) | 106 (2.7%) | 20351 (4.2%) |
| 11 | 51140 (3.7%) | 490 (3.3%) | 360 (2.5%) | 51990 (3.7%) | 21013 (4.4%) | 203 (3.1%) | 76 (2.0%) | 21292 (4.4%) |
| 12 | 50758 (3.7%) | 578 (3.9%) | 444 (3.1%) | 51780 (3.7%) | 19274 (4.0%) | 215 (3.3%) | 108 (2.8%) | 19597 (4.0%) |
| 13 | 51428 (3.7%) | 661 (4.4%) | 577 (4.0%) | 52666 (3.7%) | 20333 (4.3%) | 265 (4.1%) | 130 (3.4%) | 20728 (4.3%) |
| 14 | 52472 (3.8%) | 826 (5.5%) | 635 (4.4%) | 53933 (3.8%) | 21398 (4.5%) | 366 (5.6%) | 180 (4.7%) | 21944 (4.5%) |
| 15 | 53378 (3.9%) | 1099 (7.3%) | 760 (5.3%) | 55237 (3.9%) | 22009 (4.6%) | 499 (7.7%) | 235 (6.1%) | 22743 (4.7%) |
| 16 | 53213 (3.8%) | 1409 (9.4%) | 812 (5.7%) | 55434 (3.9%) | 22286 (4.7%) | 608 (9.4%) | 247 (6.4%) | 23141 (4.7%) |
| 17 | 52051 (3.8%) | 1543 (10.3%) | 919 (6.4%) | 54513 (3.9%) | 21841 (4.6%) | 732 (11.3%) | 300 (7.8%) | 22873 (4.7%) |
| 18 | 42630 (3.1%) | 1335 (8.9%) | 644 (4.5%) | 44609 (3.2%) | 17323 (3.6%) | 641 (9.9%) | 218 (5.6%) | 18182 (3.7%) |
| 19 | 37173 (2.7%) | 1135 (7.6%) | 581 (4.1%) | 38889 (2.8%) | 16653 (3.5%) | 604 (9.3%) | 295 (7.6%) | 17552 (3.6%) |
| 20 | 34098 (2.5%) | 1241 (8.3%) | 545 (3.8%) | 35884 (2.5%) | 15821 (3.3%) | 665 (10.3%) | 272 (7.0%) | 16758 (3.4%) |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 671071 (48.5%) | 8963 (59.8%) | 6477 (45.3%) | 686511 (48.6%) | 237969 (49.9%) | 4052 (62.5%) | 1677 (43.4%) | 243698 (50.0%) |
| Male | 712393 (51.5%) | 6036 (40.2%) | 7828 (54.7%) | 726257 (51.4%) | 239062 (50.1%) | 2431 (37.5%) | 2187 (56.6%) | 243680 (50.0%) |
| Race/ Ethnicity | ||||||||
| Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders | 67455 (4.9%) | 554 (3.7%) | 624 (4.4%) | 68633 (4.9%) | 22661 (4.8%) | 193 (3.0%) | 141 (3.6%) | 22995 (4.7%) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 234968 (17.0%) | 3058 (20.4%) | 4045 (28.3%) | 242071 (17.1%) | 83295 (17.5%) | 1478 (22.8%) | 1158 (30.0%) | 85931 (17.6%) |
| Hispanic | 285725 (20.7%) | 2234 (14.9%) | 2673 (18.7%) | 290632 (20.6%) | 106979 (22.4%) | 969 (14.9%) | 727 (18.8%) | 108675 (22.3%) |
| Multiple | 33778 (2.4%) | 252 (1.7%) | 164 (1.1%) | 34194 (2.4%) | 9479 (2.0%) | 79 (1.2%) | 38 (1.0%) | 9596 (2.0%) |
| Other/Unknown | 135917 (9.8%) | 810 (5.4%) | 1074 (7.5%) | 137801 (9.8%) | 46371 (9.7%) | 286 (4.4%) | 238 (6.2%) | 46895 (9.6%) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 625621 (45.2%) | 8091 (53.9%) | 5725 (40.0%) | 639437 (45.3%) | 208246 (43.7%) | 3478 (53.6%) | 1562 (40.4%) | 213286 (43.8%) |
| Site | ||||||||
| A | 109645 (7.9%) | 633 (4.2%) | 449 (3.1%) | 110727 (7.8%) | 32798 (6.9%) | 272 (4.2%) | 140 (3.6%) | 33210 (6.8%) |
| B | 151321 (10.9%) | 1262 (8.4%) | 779 (5.4%) | 153362 (10.9%) | 55206 (11.6%) | 468 (7.2%) | 187 (4.8%) | 55861 (11.5%) |
| C | 84313 (6.1%) | 816 (5.4%) | 456 (3.2%) | 85585 (6.1%) | 18541 (3.9%) | 227 (3.5%) | 120 (3.1%) | 18888 (3.9%) |
| D | 44458 (3.2%) | 879 (5.9%) | 467 (3.3%) | 45804 (3.2%) | 16023 (3.4%) | 377 (5.8%) | 131 (3.4%) | 16531 (3.4%) |
| E | 421 (0.0%) | 3 (0.0%) | 5 (0.0%) | 429 (0.0%) | 95 (0.0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.0%) | 96 (0.0%) |
| F | 29699 (2.1%) | 273 (1.8%) | 179 (1.3%) | 30151 (2.1%) | 14737 (3.1%) | 140 (2.2%) | 68 (1.8%) | 14945 (3.1%) |
| G | 530 (0.0%) | 26 (0.2%) | 6 (0.0%) | 562 (0.0%) | 110 (0.0%) | 2 (0.0%) | 1 (0.0%) | 113 (0.0%) |
| H | 42704 (3.1%) | 439 (2.9%) | 320 (2.2%) | 43463 (3.1%) | 8618 (1.8%) | 169 (2.6%) | 77 (2.0%) | 8864 (1.8%) |
| I | 15476 (1.1%) | 141 (0.9%) | 60 (0.4%) | 15677 (1.1%) | 7593 (1.6%) | 76 (1.2%) | 43 (1.1%) | 7712 (1.6%) |
| J | 59857 (4.3%) | 1204 (8.0%) | 498 (3.5%) | 61559 (4.4%) | 14766 (3.1%) | 381 (5.9%) | 101 (2.6%) | 15248 (3.1%) |
| K | 19641 (1.4%) | 236 (1.6%) | 113 (0.8%) | 19990 (1.4%) | 8605 (1.8%) | 180 (2.8%) | 53 (1.4%) | 8838 (1.8%) |
| L | 36718 (2.7%) | 271 (1.8%) | 4 (0.0%) | 36993 (2.6%) | 9766 (2.0%) | 61 (0.9%) | 3 (0.1%) | 9830 (2.0%) |
| M | 19207 (1.4%) | 809 (5.4%) | 155 (1.1%) | 20171 (1.4%) | 6815 (1.4%) | 260 (4.0%) | 50 (1.3%) | 7125 (1.5%) |
| N | 98646 (7.1%) | 55 (0.4%) | 5852 (40.9%) | 104553 (7.4%) | 41773 (8.8%) | 31 (0.5%) | 1115 (28.9%) | 42919 (8.8%) |
| O | 122426 (8.8%) | 668 (4.5%) | 487 (3.4%) | 123581 (8.7%) | 27068 (5.7%) | 206 (3.2%) | 167 (4.3%) | 27441 (5.6%) |
| P | 6066 (0.4%) | 133 (0.9%) | 79 (0.6%) | 6278 (0.4%) | 2868 (0.6%) | 68 (1.0%) | 26 (0.7%) | 2962 (0.6%) |
| Q | 97556 (7.1%) | 1014 (6.8%) | 358 (2.5%) | 98928 (7.0%) | 25771 (5.4%) | 310 (4.8%) | 131 (3.4%) | 26212 (5.4%) |
| R | 51734 (3.7%) | 684 (4.6%) | 253 (1.8%) | 52671 (3.7%) | 20695 (4.3%) | 385 (5.9%) | 80 (2.1%) | 21160 (4.3%) |
| S | 35663 (2.6%) | 1165 (7.8%) | 442 (3.1%) | 37270 (2.6%) | 10139 (2.1%) | 435 (6.7%) | 132 (3.4%) | 10706 (2.2%) |
| T | 135538 (9.8%) | 179 (1.2%) | 68 (0.5%) | 135785 (9.6%) | 63376 (13.3%) | 127 (2.0%) | 31 (0.8%) | 63534 (13.0%) |
| U | 2318 (0.2%) | 1 (0.0%) | 0 (0%) | 2319 (0.2%) | 857 (0.2%) | 1 (0.0%) | 0 (0%) | 858 (0.2%) |
| V | 15410 (1.1%) | 164 (1.1%) | 120 (0.8%) | 15694 (1.1%) | 27489 (5.8%) | 481 (7.4%) | 194 (5.0%) | 28164 (5.8%) |
| W | 30144 (2.2%) | 211 (1.4%) | 144 (1.0%) | 30499 (2.2%) | 4963 (1.0%) | 68 (1.0%) | 52 (1.3%) | 5083 (1.0%) |
| X | 43830 (3.2%) | 206 (1.4%) | 349 (2.4%) | 44385 (3.1%) | 13302 (2.8%) | 93 (1.4%) | 74 (1.9%) | 13469 (2.8%) |
| Y | 45210 (3.3%) | 453 (3.0%) | 338 (2.4%) | 46001 (3.3%) | 12945 (2.7%) | 161 (2.5%) | 101 (2.6%) | 13207 (2.7%) |
| Z | 35747 (2.6%) | 2243 (15.0%) | 1860 (13.0%) | 39850 (2.8%) | 13197 (2.8%) | 1106 (17.1%) | 629 (16.3%) | 14932 (3.1%) |
| AA | 32692 (2.4%) | 600 (4.0%) | 166 (1.2%) | 33458 (2.4%) | 12870 (2.7%) | 330 (5.1%) | 67 (1.7%) | 13267 (2.7%) |
| BB | 16494 (1.2%) | 231 (1.5%) | 298 (2.1%) | 17023 (1.2%) | 6045 (1.3%) | 68 (1.0%) | 90 (2.3%) | 6203 (1.3%) |
| Cohort Entry Period | ||||||||
| 03/2020 – 05/2020 | 25471 (1.8%) | 594 (4.0%) | 436 (3.0%) | 26501 (1.9%) | 4778 (1.0%) | 96 (1.5%) | 114 (3.0%) | 4988 (1.0%) |
| 03/2021 – 05/2021 | 137964 (10.0%) | 1497 (10.0%) | 1534 (10.7%) | 140995 (10.0%) | 28730 (6.0%) | 448 (6.9%) | 280 (7.2%) | 29458 (6.0%) |
| 03/2022 – 05/2022 | 114323 (8.3%) | 1110 (7.4%) | 1401 (9.8%) | 116834 (8.3%) | 36985 (7.8%) | 509 (7.9%) | 337 (8.7%) | 37831 (7.8%) |
| 06/2020 – 08/2020 | 96457 (7.0%) | 1731 (11.5%) | 938 (6.6%) | 99126 (7.0%) | 17368 (3.6%) | 248 (3.8%) | 169 (4.4%) | 17785 (3.6%) |
| 06/2021 – 08/2021 | 135823 (9.8%) | 1431 (9.5%) | 1477 (10.3%) | 138731 (9.8%) | 26162 (5.5%) | 409 (6.3%) | 268 (6.9%) | 26839 (5.5%) |
| 06/2022 – 08/2022 | 83688 (6.0%) | 958 (6.4%) | 1336 (9.3%) | 85982 (6.1%) | 51659 (10.8%) | 757 (11.7%) | 456 (11.8%) | 52872 (10.8%) |
| 09/2020 – 11/2020 | 140935 (10.2%) | 1798 (12.0%) | 1506 (10.5%) | 144239 (10.2%) | 32030 (6.7%) | 408 (6.3%) | 224 (5.8%) | 32662 (6.7%) |
| 09/2021 – 11/2021 | 217656 (15.7%) | 1645 (11.0%) | 1556 (10.9%) | 220857 (15.6%) | 49458 (10.4%) | 630 (9.7%) | 409 (10.6%) | 50497 (10.4%) |
| 09/2022 – 12/2022 | 132831 (9.6%) | 1216 (8.1%) | 1393 (9.7%) | 135440 (9.6%) | 26934 (5.6%) | 422 (6.5%) | 272 (7.0%) | 27628 (5.7%) |
| 12/2020 – 02/2021 | 135978 (9.8%) | 1673 (11.2%) | 1341 (9.4%) | 138992 (9.8%) | 51601 (10.8%) | 665 (10.3%) | 356 (9.2%) | 52622 (10.8%) |
| 12/2021 – 02/2022 | 162338 (11.7%) | 1346 (9.0%) | 1387 (9.7%) | 165071 (11.7%) | 151326 (31.7%) | 1891 (29.2%) | 979 (25.3%) | 154196 (31.6%) |
| Obesity | ||||||||
| Non-Obese | 722415 (52.2%) | 7439 (49.6%) | 7852 (54.9%) | 737706 (52.2%) | 214869 (45.0%) | 2723 (42.0%) | 1910 (49.4%) | 219502 (45.0%) |
| Obese | 497849 (36.0%) | 7541 (50.3%) | 4836 (33.8%) | 510226 (36.1%) | 206568 (43.3%) | 3759 (58.0%) | 1567 (40.6%) | 211894 (43.5%) |
| Unknown | 163200 (11.8%) | 19 (0.1%) | 1617 (11.3%) | 164836 (11.7%) | 55594 (11.7%) | 1 (0.0%) | 387 (10.0%) | 55982 (11.5%) |
| Chronic Disease Status | ||||||||
| 0 | 1006146 (72.7%) | 2840 (18.9%) | 6272 (43.8%) | 1015258 (71.9%) | 351288 (73.6%) | 1283 (19.8%) | 1641 (42.5%) | 354212 (72.7%) |
| 1 | 220119 (15.9%) | 3280 (21.9%) | 2400 (16.8%) | 225799 (16.0%) | 75835 (15.9%) | 1403 (21.6%) | 585 (15.1%) | 77823 (16.0%) |
| 2 | 157199 (11.4%) | 8879 (59.2%) | 5633 (39.4%) | 171711 (12.2%) | 49908 (10.5%) | 3797 (58.6%) | 1638 (42.4%) | 55343 (11.4%) |
| Number of Tests | ||||||||
| 0 | 1049258 (75.8%) | 9026 (60.2%) | 9148 (63.9%) | 1067432 (75.6%) | 291958 (61.2%) | 2415 (37.3%) | 1916 (49.6%) | 296289 (60.8%) |
| 1 | 218747 (15.8%) | 2818 (18.8%) | 2534 (17.7%) | 224099 (15.9%) | 101336 (21.2%) | 1459 (22.5%) | 709 (18.3%) | 103504 (21.2%) |
| 2 | 66084 (4.8%) | 1316 (8.8%) | 1059 (7.4%) | 68459 (4.8%) | 41027 (8.6%) | 844 (13.0%) | 360 (9.3%) | 42231 (8.7%) |
| >2 | 49375 (3.6%) | 1839 (12.3%) | 1564 (10.9%) | 52778 (3.7%) | 42710 (9.0%) | 1765 (27.2%) | 879 (22.7%) | 45354 (9.3%) |
| Vaccine dosage | ||||||||
| 0 | 1248073 (90.2%) | 12690 (84.6%) | 13165 (92.0%) | 1273928 (90.2%) | 416466 (87.3%) | 5189 (80.0%) | 3399 (88.0%) | 425054 (87.2%) |
| 1 | 25661 (1.9%) | 417 (2.8%) | 260 (1.8%) | 26338 (1.9%) | 12185 (2.6%) | 288 (4.4%) | 135 (3.5%) | 12608 (2.6%) |
| >=2 | 109730 (7.9%) | 1892 (12.6%) | 880 (6.2%) | 112502 (8.0%) | 48380 (10.1%) | 1006 (15.5%) | 330 (8.5%) | 49716 (10.2%) |
| Number of Drugs | ||||||||
| 0 | 379837 (27.5%) | 355 (2.4%) | 2029 (14.2%) | 382221 (27.1%) | 117622 (24.7%) | 124 (1.9%) | 529 (13.7%) | 118275 (24.3%) |
| 1 | 173275 (12.5%) | 393 (2.6%) | 1040 (7.3%) | 174708 (12.4%) | 59593 (12.5%) | 182 (2.8%) | 258 (6.7%) | 60033 (12.3%) |
| 2 | 136222 (9.8%) | 490 (3.3%) | 898 (6.3%) | 137610 (9.7%) | 49144 (10.3%) | 181 (2.8%) | 228 (5.9%) | 49553 (10.2%) |
| >2 | 694130 (50.2%) | 13761 (91.7%) | 10338 (72.3%) | 718229 (50.8%) | 250672 (52.5%) | 5996 (92.5%) | 2849 (73.7%) | 259517 (53.2%) |