Table 2.
Physical & psychosocial outcomes for people with spinal cord injurya.
| n | T1 | T2 | Δ | n | T2 | T3 | Δ | n | T1 | T3 | Δ | Effect size (r)b | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical | Endurance | 6MAT (6 to 20 RPE rated after sixth minute of test) | 12 | 13.5 (9) | 12 (8.8) | −1 | 12 | 10.5 (4.3) | 11 (3) | .5 | 10 | 13.5 (9) | 12 (6) | −2.5 | 0.55* |
| Powerc | Anaerobic Average Power (W) | 12 | 49 (59) | 67 (98) | 17 | 12 | 67 (70) | 85 (59) | 4 | 10 | 49 (74) | 73 (87) | 20.5 | 0.63* | |
| Anaerobic Peak Power (W) | 12 | 62 (81) | 88 (131) | 17 | 12 | 88 (87) | 107 (83) | 7 | 10 | 62 (107) | 94 (133) | 28.5 | 0.56* | ||
| Speed | Self-Selected Walking Speed (m/s) | 4 | 0.49 (0.2) | 0.66 (.6) | 0.10 | 4 | 0.66 (0.61) | 0.63 (.52) | −0.04 | 3 | 0.53 (.23) | 0.84 (.55) | 0.16 | 0.3 | |
| Fast Walking Speed (m/s) | 4 | 0.64 (0.19) | 0.83 (.63) | 0.17 | 4 | 0.83 (.51) | 0.87 (.55) | −0.03 | 3 | .71 (.21) | 0.92 (0.7) | 0.16 | 0.3 | ||
| Strength | 5xSTS (s) | 2 | 14.2 | 9.4 | −4.78 | 2 | 9.4 | 7.6 | −1.8 | 2 | 14.2 | 7.6 | −6.6 | 0.95 | |
| R Sh Flexors (lbs) | 12 | 12.7 (6.2) | 15 (5.6) | 0.4 | 12 | 14.5 (5.6) | 12.7 (7) | 0.3 | 10 | 12.7 (5.6) | 12.7 (6.4) | 0.7 | 0.31 | ||
| L Sh Flexors (lbs) | 12 | 13.2 (5.6) | 13.6 (6.6) | 1 | 12 | 13.6 (5.8) | 14.5 (5.1) | 1.3 | 10 | 12.2 (5.8) | 14.5 (6.2) | 2.8 | 0.49 | ||
| R Sh Extensors (lbs) | 12 | 10.4 (3.9) | 14.1 (5.1) | 1.3 | 12 | 14.1 (4.9) | 10 (3.7) | −1 | 10 | 10.4 (3.5) | 10.9 (4.5) | 1.1 | 0.24 | ||
| L Sh Extensors (lbs) | 12 | 9.5 (3.5) | 10.9 (4.5) | 2.1 | 12 | 10.9 (2.9) | 11.3 (2.1) | 0.2 | 10 | 9.5 (3.7) | 11.8 (3.3) | 2 | 0.42 | ||
| R El Flexors (lbs) | 12 | 19.1 (11.3) | 20 (8) | 1.6 | 12 | 21.8 (7.8) | 20.9 (6.6) | 1 | 10 | 18.1 (12.1) | 20.9 (6.6) | 2.7 | 0.26 | ||
| L El Flexors (lbs) | 12 | 19.5 (9.7) | 23.1 (7) | 1.5 | 12 | 25.4 (7) | 22.7 (7) | −1.2 | 10 | 19.5 (11.1) | 21.8 (9.3) | 3.7 | 0.42 | ||
| R El Extensors (lbs) | 12 | 10.4 (9.1) | 12.2 (8.4) | 1.5 | 12 | 15.4 (7) | 13.6 (7.2) | −0.3 | 10 | 9.5 (9.3) | 11.8 (8.2) | 2 | 0.22 | ||
| L El Extensors (lbs) | 12 | 10.9 (8.4) | 11.3 (7.4) | 0.4 | 12 | 14.1 (7.8) | 13.6 (6) | 0 | 10 | 10 (9.3) | 11.3 (7) | 0 | 0.12 | ||
| Psychosocial | Exercise Self-Efficacyd | 12 | 35.5 (7.3) | 36 (6) | 0 | 12 | 37 (6.8) | 34.5 (5.8) | −1 | 10 | 35.5 (8.8) | 34 (6) | 0 | 0.06 | |
| Social Support for Exercise – Familye | 12 | 22 (13.3) | 27.5 (12) | 4 | 12 | 27.5 (12) | 21.5 (15) | −6 | 10 | 22 (10.5) | 23 (20) | −2 | 0.08 | ||
| Social Support for Exercise – Friendse | 12 | 13.5 (7.5) | 30.5 (14.3) | 14.5 | 12 | 28 (17.8) | 20 (16) | −3.5 | 10 | 15 (9) | 20 (14) | 7 | 0.63* | ||
| SC- FIf | Self-care | 12 | 55.5 (8.7) | 55 (8.9) | 0 | 12 | 56.1 (6.5) | 56.9 (10.7) | 0 | 10 | 55.5 (10.5) | 56.4 (8.8) | 0.9 | 0.28 | |
| Basic mobility | 12 | 55.5 (9) | 55.5 (12) | 0.6 | 12 | 57.6 (8.4) | 59.4 (8.2) | −0.2 | 10 | 55.5 (7.5) | 56.4 (9.9) | 1.8 | 0.25 | ||
| Manual w/c | 4 | 59.3 (10) | 60.2 (8.1) | −2 | 6 | 60.2 (7.2) | 60.7 (6.4) | −0.4 | 4 | 59.3 (9.9) | 59 (7.3) | −3.4 | 0.39 | ||
| Power w/c | 4 | 47.7 (9.4) | 50 (15.3) | 2.5 | 3 | 46.1 (18) | 45.3 (12.5) | −0.8 | 4 | 49.8 (10.4) | 50.2 (11.8) | 1.2 | 0.38 | ||
| Ambulation | 4 | 63.7 (5) | 64 (5) | 0.2 | 4 | 67 (10.1) | 66.3 (6.3) | −0.7 | 3 | 64.2 (6.3) | 64.9 (4.3) | 0.7 | 0 | ||
| SCI-QOLg | Positive Affect | 12 | 53.3 (9.3) | 57 (11.5) | 1.1 | 12 | 57 (11.3) | 57 (11.9) | −0.8 | 10 | 53.7 (9.9) | 55 (13.5) | −0.4 | 0.16 | |
| Resilience | 12 | 52.1 (14) | 50.8 (17.8) | 0 | 12 | 53.6 (19.6) | 49.4 (17.8) | 0 | 10 | 52.1 (15.7) | 49.4 (20.9) | 0 | 0.02 | ||
| Self-esteem | 12 | 45.7 (14.2) | 48.2 (11.3) | 0.5 | 12 | 51.1 (13.2) | 47.3 (21.3) | 0 | 10 | 47.2 (17.6) | 44.3 (17.9) | 0 | 0.09 | ||
| Independence | 12 | 52.4 (17) | 57 (20.2) | 1.5 | 12 | 57 (14.5) | 55.6 (17.3) | 1 | 10 | 53.9 (17) | 53.1 (17.8) | 1.4 | 0.23 | ||
| Stigma | 12 | 55.9 (4.3) | 54.1 (8.5) | −0.3 | 12 | 54.1 (6.9) | 55.9 (9.1) | 0.8 | 10 | 55 (6.5) | 55.9 (7.7) | 0 | 0.11 |
T1 assessment occurring before the program, T2 assessment occurring after 13 weeks of the program, T3 assessment occurring after 25 weeks of the program, Δ median of differences, 6MAT 6-Min Arm Test, W watts, 5xSTS Five Times Sit to Stand, m/s meters per second, kg, kilogramsf, R right, L left, Sh shoulder, El elbow, 5xSTS Five Times Sit to Stand, s seconds, SCI-FI Spinal Cord Injury Functional Index, w/c wheelchair, SCI-QOL spinal cord injury-quality of life.
aData presented as median (IQR).
bWilcoxon signed-rank test used to assess within group differences between T1 and T3. Effect size calculated using resulting test statistic, Z, from Wilcoxon test. Boldface indicates large effect size (r = ≥0.5).
cMeasured via maximal one minute effort on SkiErg®
dMeasured via Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale. Scores range from 10 to 40 with higher scores indicating greater self-efficacy for exercise.
eMeasured via Sallis Social Support and Exercise Survey. There are two scores, one for family and one for friends that range from 10 to 50 with higher scores indicating greater social support for exercise.
fSCI-FI is scored using a standardized T metric with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate better function. A T-score of 60 for Manual Wheelchair Mobility indicates an individual is functioning at one standard deviation above the mean of pSCI [33].
gSCI-QOL is scored using a standardized T metric with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate a greater amount of the construct being measured. A T-score of 40 for Positive Affect indicates an individual is functioning at one standard deviation below the mean of pSCI [33].
*Statistical significance at p ≤ 0.05.