Table 2.
Serum protein electrophoresis fractions and acute phase protein reference intervals (RI) for wild breeding adult rhinoceros auklets (Cerorhinca monocerata) from Lucy, Pine, Triangle, and SGang Gwaay Islands in British Columbia and Protection Island, Washington, 2013–2019.
| Measurand | Units | n | Mean | SD | Median | Min | Max | p-valuea | Distributiona | Methodb | LRL of RIb | URL of RIb | CI 90% of LRLb | CI 90% of URLb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total protein | g/dL | 161 | 4.48 | 1.38 | 4 | 1.4 | 9.8 | <0.001 | NG | NP | 2.4 | 7.4 | 1.4–2.6 | 7.0–9.8 |
| Albumin to globulin ratio | 163 | 1.2 | 0.33 | 1.2 | 0.45 | 1.98 | 0.29 | NG | NP | 0.6 | 1.8 | 0.5–0.7 | 1.7–2.0 | |
| Prealbumin | % | 159 | 7.6 | 4.3 | 6.8 | 0.3 | 22.4 | <0.001 | NG | NP | 0.4 | 18.3 | 0.3–0.5 | 16.2–22.4 |
| g/dL | 159 | 0.34 | 0.22 | 0.29 | 0.01 | 1.1 | <0.001 | NG | NP | 0.02 | 0.9 | 0.01–0.02 | 0.82–1.10 | |
| Albumin | % | 163 | 44 | 7.1 | 45.1 | 25.4 | 59.1 | 0.004 | NG | NP | 28.5 | 55.9 | 25.4–31.5 | 53.7–59.1 |
| g/dL | 162 | 2 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 4.2 | <0.001 | NG | NP | 0.8 | 3.7 | 0.6–1.1 | 3.3–4.2 | |
| α-1 globulins | % | 161 | 6.5 | 1.9 | 6.2 | 3 | 12.7 | <0.001 | NG | NP | 3.4 | 11.9 | 3.0–4.0 | 10.7–12.7 |
| g/dL | 162 | 0.3 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.07 | 0.89 | <0.001 | NG | NP | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.07–0.15 | 0.56–0.89 | |
| α-2 globulins | % | 157 | 15.6 | 2.9 | 15.2 | 11.1 | 25.9 | <0.001 | NG | NP | 11.5 | 24.9 | 11.1–12.3 | 23.4–25.9 |
| g/dL | 161 | 0.74 | 0.3 | 0.64 | 0.21 | 1.95 | <0.001 | NG | NP | 0.35 | 1.6 | 0.21–0.40 | 1.30–1.95 | |
| β-globulins | % | 163 | 15.8 | 4.1 | 15 | 8.7 | 30.6 | <0.001 | NG | NP | 9.7 | 26.6 | 8.7–10.2 | 23.6–30.6 |
| g/dL | 157 | 0.69 | 0.27 | 0.64 | 0.23 | 1.73 | <0.001 | NG | NP | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.23–0.34 | 1.11–1.73 | |
| γ-globulins | % | 163 | 7.9 | 2.2 | 7.8 | 3.1 | 14.9 | 0.08 | NG | NP | 3.8 | 13.3 | 3.1–4.4 | 12.0–14.9 |
| g/dL | 161 | 0.36 | 0.16 | 0.34 | 0.1 | 0.99 | <0.001 | NG | NP | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.10–0.16 | 0.67–0.99 | |
| Serum amyloid A (SAA) | mg/L | 143 | 1.24 | 1.99 | 0.1 | <0.1 | 10.08 | <0.001 | NG | NP | <0.1 | 6.7 | 0.1–0.1 | 5.9–10.1 |
| Haptoglobin (HP) | mg/mL | 141 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.01 | <0.01 | 0.27 | <0.001 | NG | NP | <0.01 | 0.23 | 0.01–0.01 | 0.19–0.27 |
aThe Shapiro–Wilk test was used to assess normality of the distributions at a threshold of p < 0.3. NG, Non-Gaussian. bOutliers were identified by Tukey interquartile fences and removed. The nonparametric (NP) method was used to generate reference intervals (RI), containing the central 95%. LRL, Lower reference limit; URL, Upper reference limit; CI, Confidence interval; SD, Standard deviation.