Table 3.
Serum biochemistry reference intervals (RI) of wild breeding adult rhinoceros auklets (Cerorhinca monocerata) from Lucy, Pine, Triangle Islands, and SGang Gwaay in British Columbia, 2013–2019.
| Measurand | Units | n | Mean | SD | Median | Min | Max | p-valuea | Distributiona | Methodb | LRL of RIb | URL of RIb | CI 90% of LRLb | CI 90% of URLb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sodium | mmol/L | 35 | 137.5 | 3.2 | 137 | 133 | 145 | 0.08 | NG | R | 130.4 | 143.6 | 128.6–131.8 | 141.8–145.6 |
| Potassium | mmol/L | 35 | 3.03 | 0.47 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 4.1 | 0.31 | G | R | 1.98 | 3.99 | 1.76–2.22 | 3.67–4.23 |
| Chloride | mmol/L | 35 | 117.7 | 3.2 | 117 | 113 | 126 | 0.02 | NG | R | 110.5 | 123.9 | 109.0–112.4 | 122.1–125.8 |
| CO2 | mmol/L | 35 | 19.6 | 5.1 | 20 | <5 | 29 | 0.02 | NG | R | 9.8 | 31 | 7.1–13.0 | 27.7–33.6 |
| Calcium | mg/dL | 34 | 9.38 | 0.84 | 9.4 | 7.1 | 10.7 | 0.001 | NG | R | 7.76 | 11.21 | 7.31–8.24 | 10.68–11.64 |
| Phosphorus | mg/dL | 33 | 3.02 | 1.58 | 3 | 0.8 | 7.3 | <0.001 | NG | R | 0 | 5.87 | 0–0.49 | 4.89–6.84 |
| Magnesium | mg/dL | 35 | 2.01 | 0.31 | 2 | 1.3 | 2.7 | 0.99 | G | R | 1.36 | 2.65 | 1.23–1.57 | 2.50–2.81 |
| Uric acid | mg/dL | 34 | 15.06 | 7.77 | 14.6 | 1.2 | 37.9 | <0.001 | NG | R | 0 | 30.1 | 0–2.94 | 25.38–34.98 |
| Urea nitrogen | mg/dL | 34 | 5.3 | 2.4 | 5 | 1 | 12 | 0.002 | NG | R | 0 | 9.5 | 0–1.3 | 8.1–11.4 |
| Creatinine | mg/dL | 32 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.2 | <0.2 | 0.4 | <0.001 | NG | R | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| AST | U/L | 35 | 349.2 | 239.8 | 296 | 49 | 1,275 | <0.001 | NG | R | 0 | 804.4 | n/a | 609.1–1005.7 |
| CK | U/L | 33 | 253.7 | 159.4 | 208 | 39 | 752 | <0.001 | NG | R | 0 | 539.7 | n/a | 416.9–665.6 |
| Glucose | mg/dL | 32 | 383.7 | 62.9 | 399 | 231 | 488 | <0.001 | NG | R | 256.2 | 525 | 222.4–297.5 | 490.3–556.6 |
| Amylase | U/L | 35 | 2082 | 805 | 2,286 | 856 | 3,519 | 0.005 | NG | R | 410.4 | 3847.5 | 48.2–987.4 | 3575.7–4181.3 |
| Lipase | U/L | 33 | 11.5 | 10.6 | 8 | <1 | 41 | <0.001 | NG | R | 0 | 29.9 | n/a | 22.9–38.5 |
| Triglyceride | mg/dL | 33 | 171.6 | 59.3 | 163 | 72 | 371 | <0.001 | NG | R | 35.1 | 280.8 | 0–83.3 | 230.8–323.5 |
| Cholesterol | mg/dL | 35 | 303.4 | 58.3 | 305 | 184 | 440 | 0.8 | G | R | 183.6 | 424.7 | 158.7–213.8 | 396.6–453.4 |
aThe Shapiro–Wilk test was used to assess normality of the distributions at a threshold of p < 0.3. NG, Non-Gaussian; G, Gaussian. bOutliers were identified by Tukey interquartile fences and removed. The robust (R) method was used to generate reference intervals (RI), containing the central 95%. LRL, Lower reference limit; URL, Upper reference limit; CI, Confidence interval; SD, Standard deviation; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; and CK, Creatine kinase.