Table 2.

Exploration of the proposed SaCryStAl algorithm to benchmark test functions.

S.No	Name of the function	Objective function	Characteristics	Dime-nsions	Range	Method	fop	Mean	Std.Dev
1	Sphere	f1(x) = $\sum _{i=1}^n{x}_i^2$	Unimodal separable	30	[− 100,100]	CM	0.00982	0.0693	0.2736
						PM	0	0	0
2	Schwefel 1.2	f2(x) = $\sum _{i=1}^n{\left(\sum _{j=1}^i{x}_j\right)}^2$	Unimodal non-separable	30	[− 100,100]	CM	0.00875	0.0946	0.0438
						PM	0	0	0
3	Rosenbrock	f3(x) = $\sum _{i=1}^{n-1}\left(100{\left(x_{i+1}-x_i^2\right)}^2\right)+{\left(x_i-1\right)}^2$	Unimodal non-separable	30	[− 30,30]	CM	0.00948	1.096897	0.09576
						PM	0	0.0887707	0.077390
4	Quartic	f4(x) = $\sum _{i=1}^{n}i{x}_i^4+\text{random}\left[0,1\right)$	Unimodal separable	30	[− 1.28,1.28]	CM	0.00264	0.04858	0.02623
						PM	0	0.030017	0.004868
5	Rastrigin	f5(x) = $\sum _{\text{i}=1}^{\text{n}}\left[{\text{x}}_{\text{i}}^2-10\text{cos}\left(2\pi {\text{x}}_{\text{i}}\right)+10\right]$	Multimodal separable	30	[− 5.12,5.12]	CM	0.00035	0.000257	0.000537
						PM	0	0	0

CM classical method & PM proposed method.