Table 1. The immunogenic cell death-related gene set.
| Gene | Functions |
|---|---|
| HMGB1 | Activates tumor antigen-specific T-cell immunity (24) |
| CALR | Acts as ‘eat me’ signals and promotes the phagocytosis of tumor cells by DC (25) |
| NT5E | Catalyses the hydrolysis of AMP to adenosine (26) |
| ANXA-1 | Directs APCs to dying cells (27) |
| CXCR3 | Promotes the recruitment of T cells (28) |
| IFNA1 | Enhances APC maturation and recruitment of T cells (28) |
| IFNB1 | Enhances APC maturation and recruitment of T cells (29) |
| ENTPD1 | Expresses on the surface of cells and degrades extracellular ATP to generate ADP and AMP (30) |
| CASP8 | Promotes exposure to CRT (31) |
| PDIA3 | Forms a complex with CRT as a “eat me” signal (31) |
| STING | Increases expression of interferon-stimulated genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines (32-35) |
| PIK3CA | Induces ecto-CRT and secretion of ATP (36,37) |
| TLR4 | Produces pro-inflammatory factors, such as type I interferons (38) |
| BAX | Promotes exposure to CRT (39) |
| MER6 | Promotes exposure to CRT (40) |
| EIF2AK3 | Promotes exposure to CRT/ERp57 (41) |
| LAMP1 | Promotes the release of ATP (42) |
| ATG5 | Promotes the release of ATP by dying cells and activates DC cells (43) |
| HSP90AA1 | Stimulates the uptake of dead cell-associated antigens (44) |
| IL6 | Stimulates T cell proliferation (44) |
| IL10 | Inhibits immune cell recruitment (45) |
| TNF | Promotes T cells and other killer cells (46) |
| CASP1 | Proteolytically cleave and activate the inactive precursor of interleukin-1, a cytokine involved in the processes such as inflammation, septic shock, and wound healing (47) |
| IL1R1 | A receptor for interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (48) |
| IL1B | An important mediator of the inflammatory response, and is involved in a variety of cellular activities, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis (49) |
| NLRP3 | Encode the protein interacting with protein PYCARD/ASC, which contains a caspase recruitment domain, and is a member of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex (50) |
| P2RX7 | A ligand-gated ion channel which is responsible for ATP-dependent lysis of macrophages through the formation of membrane pores permeable to large molecules (51) |
| LY96 | Associate with toll-like receptor 4 on the cell surface and confers responsiveness to LPS, thus providing a link between the receptor and LPS signaling (52) |
| MYD88 | Encode a cytosolic adapter protein that functions as an essential signal transducer in the interleukin-1 and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways (53,54) |
| CD4+ | Encode the CD4 membrane glycoprotein of T lymphocytes. initiate or augment the early phase of T-cell activation, and may function as an important mediator of indirect neuronal damage in infectious and immune-mediated diseases of the central nervous system (55-57) |
| CD8+A | A cell surface glycoprotein found on most cytotoxic T lymphocytes that mediates efficient cell-cell interactions within the immune system (58) |
| CD8+B | A cell surface glycoprotein found on most cytotoxic T lymphocytes that mediates efficient cell-cell interactions within the immune system (59) |
| FOXP3 | A member of the forkhead/winged-helix family of transcriptional regulators (60) |
| IFNG | Encode a soluble cytokine that is a member of the type II interferon class (61) |
| IFNGR1 | Encode the ligand-binding chain (alpha) of the gamma interferon receptor (62) |
| IL17A | A proinflammatory cytokine produced by activated T cells (63) |
| IL17RA | A proinflammatory cytokine secreted by activated T-lymphocytes (64) |
| PRF1 | Form membrane pores that allow the release of granzymes and subsequent cytolysis of target cells (65) |
DC, dendritic cells; AMP, adenosine monophosphate; APCs, antigen-presenting cells; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; ADP, adenosine diphosphate; CRT, calreticulin; NLRP3, NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome; LPS, lipopolysaccyaride.