Table 1.

Characteristics of the targeted localities and study participants

Sites	Forest types	Ethnic group	AH	SA	EnR./ExR	Linguistic group	Villages	El. (m,a,s,l.)	NH	NI (M/F)	Age
Seo valley	Himalayan dry and moist temperate forests	Seowos (96%)	Sixteenth–seventeenth century	Pastoralism, animal husbandry and farming	Endogamic, rarely exogamic	Kohistani	Seo	878	320	13/5	15–60 years
							Razika	1830	275	15/3
							Chaprow	1316	35	10/4
		Gujjars/Guzar (4%)	NR	Pastoralism and animal husbandry	Exogamic	Gujjari	Zalii	3093	37	12/3
Jalkot valley	Himalayan dry and moist temperate forest, and alpine pastures	Shinaki/Jalkoti (90%)	Sixteenth–seventeenth century	Pastoralism, animal husbandry, farming, and mining	Endogamic, rarely exogamic	Shina	Maheen	3503	25	15/0	20–80 years
							Sasak	2001	120	13/1
							Sazen	1415	154	14/0
							Jalkot	892	250	15/2
		Gujjars/Guzar (10%)	NR	Pastoralism and animal husbandry	Exogamic	Gujjari	Gotay Baig	4741	25	9/0
Kandia valley	Himalayan dry and moist temperate forests	Kheloos (85%)	Sixteenth–seventeenth century	Pastoralism, animal husbandry and farming	Endogamic, rarely exogamic	Kohistani	Khowr	1633	75	11/1	20–80 years
							Gabriyal	2113	286	12/2
		Gujar/Guzar (15%)	NR	Pastoralism and animal husbandry	Exogamic	Gujjari	Maidan	2655	85	11/0
Kolai valley	Himalayan dry and moist temperate forest, and alpine pastures	Kulooj (95%)	Sixteenth–seventeenth century	Pastoralism, animal husbandry and farming	Exogamic	Shina	Bella	2232	45	10/3	20–70 years
							Madan	2226	250	14/1
		Bahtooj (5%)	NR	Pastoralism, animal husbandry and farming	Endogamic, rarely exogamic	Bateri	Bateri pine	625	230	13/4
							Masham	1810	170	9/3
Dubair valley	Himalayan dry and moist temperate forest, and alpine pastures	Shongali (5%)	NR	Pastoralism, animal husbandry and farming	Exogamic	Pushto	Shongal	1612	120	12/2	20–60 years
		Jaagi (5%)	NR				Jaag Kali	1548	160	11/3
		Dubairi (90%)	Sixteenth–seventeenth century	Pastoralism, animal husbandry and farming	Endogamic	Kohistani	Bakhar dhan	2286	95	13/1
							Shelki	2036	65	9/2

AH arrival history in the area, SA subsistence activities, EnR endogamic rules, ExR exogamic rules, El elevation, NH number of households, NI number of informants, M male, F female, AG age groups, NR no record