Table 2.

Ethnomedicinal application of wild plants of Kohistan

S. #	Scientific name/ Family/Local name/ voucher number	Habit	Part(s) use	Preparation	Application	Diseases treated	Disease categories	FC	RFC	PRMUP	PRMUN
1	Ajuga integrifolia Buch. -Ham Lamiaceae BhutiK,S,G CUHA-06	Herb	Lvs./Stm	Powder, Decoction	Oral	Fever, skin infection, to purify blood	General and unspecified, Skin, Cardiovascular	14	0.05	24	24
2	Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf ex Holmes Ranunculaceae Sakhat MorilS CUHA-405	Herb	Rt	Powder mixed in maize flour	Oral	Anti-rodents	Others	15	0.05		25
3	Artemisia gmelinii Weber ex Stechm Asteraceae Tanda TarkhaP CUHA-237	Herb	Lvs	Paste and fresh leaves	Topical	Wounds healing, injuries	Skin	14	0.05	26
4	Artemisia stechmanniana Besser Asteraceae Dada TarkhaP CUHA-239	Herb	Lvs,	Tea	Oral	Fever, flue, cough, corona symptoms	General and Unspecified, Respiratory	14	0.05		27
5	Astragalus anisacanthus Boiss Leguminosae MuskandaK, ChokandaG CUHA-13	Herb	Rt	Toothbrush, Paste	Topical	To clean teeth and mouth gums	Digestive	18	0.06	28
6	Berberis lycium Royle Berberidaceae ShoonglooK,S, ShugloB, KoarayP CUHA-204	Shrub	Rt	Powder with egg white	Topical and Oral	Wounds healing and Backache	Skin, Musculoskeletal	12	0.04	29
7	Bergenia stracheyi (Hook.f. & Thomson) Saxifragaceae Kala parK, KuratS, RechowooG CUHA-187	Herb	Rt	Powder	Oral	Chest infection, stomach disorder, and backache	Respiratory, Digestive, Musculoskeletal	9	0.03	30
8	Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb Saxifragaceae Kala parK, KuratS, RechowooG CUHA-14	Herb	Rt	Powder	Oral	Chest infection, stomach disorder, and backache	Respiratory, Digestive, Musculoskeletal	15	0.05	29
9	Buxus wallichiana Baill Buxaceae NeekB CUHA-250	Shrub	Lvs	Paste	Oral	Constipation	Digestive	12	0.04	31
10	Caltha palustris L Ranunculaceae PataraG CUHA-251	Herb	Lvs	Powder with butter	Oral	Intestinal wounds	Digestive	9	0.03	32
11	Cannabis sativa L Cannabaceae Bhang S,G, Fat kandaB CUHA-16	Herb	Lvs	Paste with maize flour	Topical	Body weakness and indigestion	Digestive	15	0.05	33
12	Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) Pinaceae BeechK, PlolzS, Low G CUHA-17	Tree	Rt./Stm./Rn	Oil	Topical	Skin infection, against pests/insects, as anti-hair fall, mouth gums, stomach disorders	Skin, Digestive, Others	14	0.05	30
13	Celtis caucasica Willd Cannabaceae MeyoonK,S, DodooB CUHA-401	Tree	Fr	Powder	Oral	Allergy	Others	14	0.05	31
14	Chrysojasminum humile (L.) Banfi Oleaceae TobkioS, Naltah B CUHA-277	Herb	Rt	Powder	Oral	Ringworms	Digestive	15	0.05	36
15	Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop Asteraceae HoralG CUHA-27	Herb	Ap./Rt	Decoction and Powder	Oral	Typhoid fever, and to heal wounds	General and Unspecified, Skin	15	0.05	37
16	Cirsium verutum Spreng Asteraceae ZachK, JaachaS, ZheheeaB, KenareG CUHA-254	Herb	Lvs	Fresh Part/Powder	Oral	Fever	General and Unspecified	11	0.04		38
17	Clematis grata Wall Ranunculaceae ZultoK CUHA-26	Climber	Lvs	Powder	Oral	Urinary disorder and bladder infection	Urological	12	0.04	32
18	Clinopodium vulgare L Lamiaceae Shakbar butiK CUHA-255	Herb	Lvs	Powder	Oral	Internal wounds	Digestive	14	0.05	39
19	Daphne mucronata Royle Thymelaeaceae Laatar B CUHA-259	Shrub	Fr	Paste	Topical	Face stains	Digestive, Skin	12	0.04	40
20	Datisca cannabina L Datiscaceae KarayeeK, KalbeerS, BarsatraB, KurkoronG CUHA-30	Herb	Rt	Paste	Topical	Joint swelling	Musculoskeletal	14	0.05	41
21	Dodonaea viscosa Jacq Sapindaceae ShonthK, AshadB, GoodniG CUHA-33	Shrub	Lvs	Extract	Orally	Throat infection	Respiratory	13	0.05	42
22	Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Teschem Rosaceae BhangrosK, MagrosS, MuabrosB, Dharti MianG, BhangrusP CUHA-263	Herb	Fr	Fresh Part	Oral	Indigestion	Digestive	12	0.04	43
23	Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants Amaranthaceae JamamaB CUHA-253	Herb	Lvs	Powder	Oral	Abdominal warm	Digestive	17	0.06	32
24	Erigeron canadensis L Asteraceae LindiK, KasarS CUHA-28	Herb	Ap	Paste	Topical	Toothache	Digestive	14	0.05	42
25	Ficus palmata Forssk Moraceae PhahK,B, PagoyeS, CameraG CUHA-37	Tree	Lvs./Milk	Paste	Topical	spots or stain on face, to heal wounds	Skin	12	0.04	34
26	Geranium himalayense Klotzsch Geraniaceae Rathan JokG,S CUHA-267	Herb	Ap	Powder	Oral	stomach pain	Digestive	11	0.04	45
27	Hypericum oblongifolium Choisy Hypericaceae Khan kawaB CUHA-271	Herb	Lvs	Powder	Oral	Backache	Musculoskeletal	12	0.04	45
28	Hypericum perforatum L Hypericaceae Chai thigoK, EsperkayeG CUHA-41	Herb	Lvs	Decoction and Powder	Oral	Backache	Musculoskeletal	11	0.04	46
29	Indigofera tinctoria L Fabaceae Kayth K, KastiS, Khati B, KheentheyG CUHA-43	Shrub	Stm./Lvs	Toothbrush, Decoction	Oral	To strengthen teeth, paralysis	Digestive, Neurological,	12	0.04	47
30	Juglans regia L Juglandaceae ChooK, AchoyeS, AkhoryG CUHA-45	Tree	Brk	Fresh	Topical	To clean teeth, mouth gums	Digestive	14	0.05	48
31	Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb Cupressaceae CheliS CUHA-279	Tree	Fr	Powder	Oral	Kidney inflation	Urological	15	0.05	49
32	Justicia adhatoda L Acanthaceae BhekarS, BasheeB CUHA-190	Shrub	Lvs	Paste	Topical	Wounds healing	Skin	13	0.05	50
33	Leontopodium himalayanum DC. Compositae Taliban kaleelS CUHA-280	Herb	Lvs	Fresh Part	Oral	Abdominal pain	Digestive	15	0.05
34	Lepidium sativum L Brassicaceae TumeraS,, GulpechaB CUHA-46	Herb	Ap	Decoction	Oral	Asthma	Respiratory	15	0.05	42
35	Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll.Arg Euphorbiaceae KamlaS, KambilaB CUHA-284	Tree	Fr	Powder	Oral	Abdominal warms	Digestive	17	0.06	34
36	Melia azedarach L Meliaceae Kamsal laghaK, LagandS, Tora bekarP CUHA-47	Tree	Lvs	Powder	Oral	Allergy	General and Unspecified	14	0.05	41
37	Mentha arvensis L Lamiaceae PhepeelS, PodinaG CUHA-287	Herb	Ap	Powder	Oral	Diarrhea	Digestive	15	0.05	51
38	Mentha longifolia (L.) L Lamiaceae PhemilK, PhepeelS, ZoonB, PodinaG, veliniP CUHA-48	Herb	Lvs	Powder and Tea	Oral	Diarrhea and indigestion	Digestive	14	0.05	40
39	Mentha spicata L Lamiaceae PhemilK, PodinaG CUHA-288	Herb	Lvs	Decoction	Oral	Diarrhea and indigestion	Digestive	14	0.05	40
40	Myrtus communis L Myrtaceae AmboK, AobS CUHA-26	Herb	Fr./Lvs	Powder	Topical	Eczema	Skin	18	0.06	48
41	Nepeta podostachys Benth Lamiaceae JurpeK, PushmilyP CUHA-51	Herb	Lvs./Stm	Paste	Topical	Skin infections	Skin	15	0.05	52
42	Nerium oleander L Apocynaceae PhoolK,B CUHA-292	Shrub	Lvs	Decoction	Topical	To kill pests and fungus	Others	17	0.06	31
43	Oreoseris gossypina (Royle) X.D.Xu & V.A.Funk) Asteraceae KhoonP CUHA-402	Herb	Rt	Powder	Topical	Intestinal wounds	Digestive			53
44	Oxalis corniculata L Oxalidaceae Cheko daroK, Chiki rangS CUHA-53	Herb	Lvs	Extract	Oral	Jaundice and hepatitis	Digestive	14	0.05	31
45	Oxyria digyna Hill Polygonaceae HuliS CUHA-294	Herb	Ap	Fresh Part/Powder	Oral	Constipation	Digestive	15	0.05	54
46	Pedicularis oederi Vahl Orobanchaceae Khana PhorS CUHA-296	Herb	Lvs	Powder	Oral	Indigestion and weakness	Digestive	15	0.05
47	Persicaria amplexicaulis (D.Don) Ronse Decr Polygonaceae RoyK CUHA-57	Herb	Lvs	Powder	Oral	Backache	Others	14	0.05	55
48	Persicaria capitata (Buch. -Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross Polygonaceae Maran KashK CUHA-58	Herb	Ap	Powder	Oral	Urinary tract infection and urinary bladder inflammation	Urological	18	0.06	56
49	Pistacia khinjuk Stocks Anacardiaceae KhakowK, KakohS CUHA-63	Tree	Lvs	Powder	Oral	Asthma and cough	Respiratory	14	0.05	57
50	Plantago lanceolata L Plantaginaceae CheelorK,S,G, JabayB CUHA-64	Herb	Lvs	Paste	Topical	Skin infections	Skin	15	0.05	58
51	Plantago major L Plantaginaceae CheelorK,G CUHA-65	Herb	Lvs	Decoction	Oral	Skin infection	Skin	12	0.04	58
52	Plocama brevifolia subsp. Brevifolia Rubiaceae ZoonrS, JhoorB CUHA-300	Herb	Ap	Paste	Topical	Blood clots and injuries	Blood	15	0.05
53	Podophyllum hexandrum Royle Berberidaceae ShargoyeK, ShingoyS, KhakoriG CUHA-66	Herb	Rt	Paste	Oral	Warts and other skin infections	Skin	14	0.05	59
54	Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. Asparagaceae AschawagiK CUHA-67	Herb	Rt	Powder	Oral	Abdominal pain, dysentery	Digestive	14	0.05	60
55	Polygonum aviculare L Polygonaceae Zat GahK CUHA-68	Herb	Rt	Powder	Topical	External wounds	Skin	18	0.06	61
56	Polypodium sibiricum Sipliv Polypodiaceae ShaalK CUHA-70	Herb	Ap./Lvs	Decoction/Powder	Oral/ Topical	Intestinal ulcers, to heal wounds or injuries, stomach disorder	Digestive, Skin	18	0.06
57	Primula elliptica Royle Primulaceae Kamzoor MorilS CUHA-302	Herb	Lvs	Ash	Topical	Mouth gums, diarrhea/ cough	Digestive, Others	15	0.05	62
58	Primula macrophylla D. Don Primulaceae MorilS CUHA-303	Herb	Lvs	Ash	Topical	Mouth gums	Others	15	0.05	62
59	Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Rosaceae AroK,G, AarS CUHA-74	Tree	Lvs	Infusion	Topical	Fungal and bacterial infections	Skin	17	0.06	54
60	Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn Dennstaedtiaceae Asbo mut K CUHA-75	Herb	Lvs	Powder	Oral	Chest pain	Respiratory	14	0.05	63
61	Pteridium esculentum (G.Forst.) Cockayne Dennstaedtiaceae KongiiG CUHA-76	Herb	Ap	Powder	Oral	External wounds, tumors, internal injuries	Skin, Cancer, Digestive, Blood	12	0.04
62	Punica granatum L Lythraceae DangoK, DaroyeS, DeengoB, DarooG, AnogoraP CUHA-78	Tree	Rnd./Rt	Decoction/Powder	Oral	External wounds, tumors, internal injuries, intestinal worms	Skin, Digestive, Blood	18	0.06	64
63	Quercus semecarpifolia Sm Fagaceae BanK, BaniS, TarraB CUHA-81	Tree	Fr	Fresh Part	Oral	Stomach problem, to strengthen bones	Digestive, Musculoskeletal	18	0.06	64
64	Rheum australe D. Don Polygonaceae ChutiyalK,S CUHA-311	Herb	Rt	Powder	Oral	Constipation	Digestive,	9	0.03	65
65	Rheum webbianum Royle Polygonaceae Chutiyal KamzoorS,K CUHA-312	Herb	Rt	Fresh Part/Powder	Oral	Constipation	Digestive	9	0.03	66
66	Rhodiola integrifolia Raf Crassulaceae PechilS CUHA-313	Herb	Ap	Powder with maize flour	Oral	Vomiting and indigestion	Digestive	9	0.03
67	Ricinus communis L Euphorbiaceae Jamal ghotaS CUHA-157	Tree	Lvs	Fresh leaves	Topical	External wounds	Skin	11	0.04	42
68	Rubus fruticosus Lour Rosaceae AnchaK CUHA-88	Shrub	Lvs	Decoction	Oral	Diarrhea, dysentery	Digestive	12	0.04	32
69	Rubus niveus var. micranthus (D.Don) H.Hara Rosaceae AnchaK, ZekeenyS CUHA-89	Shrub	Lvs	Powder	Oral	Cough and fever	Respiratory, General and Unspecified	15	0.05		67
70	Rumex acetosa L Polygonaceae ChukiS CUHA-318	Herb	Rt./Lvs	Extract	Oral	Jaundice and hepatitis	Digestive	15	0.05	68
71	Rumex hastatus D.Don Polygonaceae ChowkoS, HuliG CUHA-92	Herb	Ap	Extract	Oral	Skin rashes, jaundice, and hepatitis	Skin, Digestive	15	0.05	42
72	Rumex nepalensis Spreng Polygonaceae HububalS CUHA-319	Herb	Ap	Infusion and paste	Oral	Corona infection, constipation	Respiratory, Digestive	14	0.05	42
73	Rumex abyssinicus Jacq Polygonaceae MarkashK CUHA-90	Herb	Rt	Decoction	Oral	Jaundice and hepatitis	Digestive	14	0.05		69
74	Rumex dentatus L Polygonaceae BabalK, HububalS, HulowG CUHA-91	Herb	Rt	Paste with maize flour	Oral	Constipation	Digestive	14	0.05	42
75	Salix tetrasperma Roxb Salicaceae BeyoK,S, BatkorolS CUHA-94	Tree	Lvs	Decoction	Oral	Fever, common cold	General and Unspecified	17	0.06
76	Sambucus wightiana Wall. Ex. Wight & Arn Adoxaceae KatoolK, GanalaS, KoohG CUHA-95	Herb	Stm	Fresh Part	Topical/ Smoke	Fever, sickness	General and Unspecified	18	0.06
77	Selaginella. Sp Selaginellaceae CUHA-403	Herb	Ap	Fresh Part	Inhalation	Fever, sickness	General and Unspecified	17	0.06	70
78	Seriphidium maritimum subsp. Maritimum Asteraceae SalalK, JundS CUHA-404	Herb	Ap	Fresh Part	Inhalation	Mosquito repellent	Others	14	0.05	71
79	Silene conoidea L Caryophyllaceae BandakayB CUHA-324	Herb	Lvs	Fresh Part	Oral	Poultry diseases ailments	Others	12	0.04		72
80	Skimmia anquetilia N.P.Taylor & Airy Shaw Rutaceae NameerK,S CUHA-326	Herb	Lvs	Powder and paste	Oral	Smallpox, to kill worms, as an appetizer	General and Unspecified, Others	11	0.04		73
81	Solanum nigrum Acerbi ex Dunal Solanaceae KuchmachoK,G, KachmachS CUHA-97	Herb	Lvs	Extract/Powder	Oral	Urinary bladder inflammation and infection	Urological	14	0.05	41
82	Solanum villosum Mill Solanaceae Kuchmacho KG,KachmachS CUHA-330	Herb	Lvs	Extract/Powder	Oral	Urinary bladder inflammation and infection	Urological	17	0.06	74
83	Solanum virginianum L Solanaceae Kanr ShaB CUHA-331	Herb	Fr	Paste	Topical	Dandruff	Skin	17	0.06	75
84	Solanum miniatum Bernh. Ex. Wild Solanaceae Ker Ker K CUHA-96	Herb	Lvs	Fresh Part	Oral	Mouth gums and toothache	Digestive	14	0.05	76
85	Solanum cinereum R.Br Solanaceae Zacha rangoK, Kool ZachaS CUHA-406	Herb	Sd	Oil	Topical	Dandruff	Skin	17	0.06
86	Sonchus arvensis L Asteraceae Cheer GandalB CUHA-332	Herb	Lvs	Extract	Topical	Mol	Skin	12	0.04	32
87	Tagetes minuta L Asteraceae MidiK, DoldooliS CUHA-101	Herb	Fl	Extract	Topical	Mosquito repellent	Others	14	0.05	77
88	Taraxacum campylodes G.E.Haglund Compositae HandhS CUHA-336	Herb	Lvs	Powder	Oral	Liver disorder	Digestive	15	0.05	21
89	Taxus wallichiana Zucc Taxaceae ThoonK, BarayP CUHA-102	Tree	Brk	Powder	Oral	Cough	Respiratory	11	0.04	78
90	Teucrium royleanum Wall Lamiaceae Plaki ThagoK, Satqa BotiP CUHA-338	Herb	Ap	Powder	Oral	Obesity	Digestive	11	0.04
91	Thymus linearis Benth Lamiaceae Esperki K,P, Kalay de JaarS CUHA-339	Herb	Lvs	Infusion	Oral	Abdominal pain and intestinal worms	Digestive	11	0.04	71
92	Trifolium pratense L Leguminosae Kana EshpetK, ShotalS,G CUHA-103	Herb	Lvs	Powder	Oral	Cough, cold, and asthma	Respiratory	14	0.05	64
93	Valeriana jatamansi Jones Caprifoliaceae MushkebalaK,G CUHA-105	Herb	Ap	Powder	Oral	Fever and the common cold	General and Unspecified, respiratory	15	0.05	79
94	Verbascum thapsus L Scrophulariaceae Khardak K,B, Kuthay KumS, KhotikamG CUHA-106	Herb	Fl./Lvs	Powder	Oral	Cough, cold, and asthma, labor pain and wounds	Respiratory, Digestive	12	0.04	34
95	Zanthoxylum armatum DC Rutaceae TemberB CUHA-199	Shrub	Fr	Powder	Oral	Flue	Respiratory	12	0.04	80
96	Ziziphus jujuba Mill Rhamnaceae SageeK, SazenS, SageenG CUHA-112	Tree	Sd	Powder	Oral	Blood pressure, to purify blood	Cardiovascular, Blood	13	0.05	81

K kohistani, S shina, B bateri, P pushto, G gujjari, PRTU previously reported as ethnobotanical use, PRMP previously reported as a medicinal plant, FC frequency of citation, RFC relative frequency of citation, UV used value, Ap aerial part, Lvs leaves, Rt roots, Stm stem, Fl flower, Fr fruit, Sd seed, Brk bark, Rn resin, Rnd rind