Fig. 1.

Geographic location and phylogenetic characteristics of 919 newly sequenced Chinese minority individuals. a) A map of East Asia displays essential data for 919 individuals from 57 Chinese ethnic minority groups. Circle sizes on the map indicate the sample sizes of individual populations, while colored provinces represent sampling locations, with colors denoting the total sample size from those regions. Additionally, ancient subsistence strategies, such as pastoralism, hunter-gathering, and agriculture, from western Eurasia, the Mongolian Plateau, and the origin centers of Chinese agriculture in the Yellow and Yangtze River basins are depicted. b) The Y-chromosome phylogeny includes 914 individuals who passed quality control, illustrating the most recent common ancestors (TMRCA) of various prevalent paternal lineages. B-lineage-related representative haplotypes from the Simons Genome Diversity Project serve as an outgroup. Branch lengths correlate with the estimated TMRCA. Major lineages are indicated by colored triangles, with the base width of each triangle proportional to the sample size. A detailed, time-stamped phylogenetic tree is presented in supplementary fig. S1, Supplementary Material online, with scales of divergence times differentiated by varying background colors.