Skip to main content
. 2024 Apr 23;28(2):36–46. doi: 10.7812/TPP/23.067

Table 2:

Likelihood of receiving medical visits in the 12 months prior to pregnancy, during pregnancy, and postpartum

Category Likelihood of receiving any prepregnancy doctor visit in the 12 months prior to pregnancy Likelihood of receiving any prenatal visit during pregnancy Likelihood of receiving a postpartum check-up visit
aOR
(95% CI)		 aOR
(95% CI)		 aOR
(95% CI)
Rurality
 Urban Ref Ref Ref
 Rural 0.867
(0.814–0.924)***		 1.437
(1.026–2.014)* 		0.969
(0.883–1.064)
Age, y
  < 20 Ref Ref Ref
 20–24 0.780
(0.691–0.881)***		 1.932
(1.254–2.979)**		 1.028
(0.877–1.205)
 25–29 0.974
(0.860–1.102)		 2.016
(1.279–3.179)**		 1.305
(1.105–1.542)**
 30–34 1.244
(1.092–1.417)**		 2.309
(1.362–3.915)**		 1.542
(1.288–1.846)***
 ≥ 35 1.460
(1.272–1.677)***		 1.630
(0.940–2.825)		 1.357
(1.121–1.643)**
Education
 Less than high school Ref Ref Ref
 High school 1.087
(1.003–1.178)* 		1.712
(1.283–2.284)***		 1.398
(1.263–1.547)***
 More than high school 1.739
(1.602–1.889)***		 2.982
(2.116–4.202)***		 1.959
(1.756–2.186)***
Marital status
 Not married Ref Ref Ref
 Married 1.192
(1.124–1.264)***		 1.443
(1.102–1.890)**		 1.234
(1.132–1.346)***
Income, % of the FPL
  < 100 Ref Ref Ref
 100–138 1.113
(1.021–1.213)* 		1.330
(0.867–2.039)		 1.378
(1.204–1.576)***
 139–199 1.166
(1.051–1.295)**		 1.513
(0.861–2.659)		 1.264
(1.079–1.481)**
 ≥ 200 1.862
(1.728–2.006)***		 2.211
(1.486–3.288)***		 1.885
(1.680–2.116)***
 Missing 0.840
(0.773–0.914)***		 1.515
(1.058–2.170)* 		1.046
(0.930–1.177)
Race/ethnicity
 White, non-Hispanic Ref Ref Ref
 Black, non-Hispanic 0.837
(0.779–0.899)***		 0.694
(0.494–0.976)* 		0.869
(0.782–0.966)**
 Hispanic 0.724
(0.664–0.790)***		 1.107
(0.688–1.780)		 0.933
(0.820–1.062)
 Asian, Pacific-Islander 0.393
(0.358–0.432)***		 0.162
(0.118–0.223)***		 0.706
(0.611–0.816)***
 American Indian/Alaskan Native 0.795
(0.700–0.903)***		 0.937
(0.648–1.355)		 0.704
(0.612–0.810)***
 Other/mixed race 0.703
(0.644–0.767)***		 1.250
(0.747–2.092)		 0.753
(0.660–0.858)***
Language
 English Ref Ref Ref
 Non-English 0.773
(0.695–0.858)***		 1.522
(0.889–2.604)		 1.127
(0.974–1.306)
Insurance 0.773*** 1.522 1.127
 Private Ref Ref Ref
 Medicaid 0.599
(0.562–0.638)***		 0.882
(0.650–1.196)		 0.734
(0.663–0.813)***
 Uninsured 0.463
(0.401–0.534)***		 0.243
(0.148–0.399)***		 0.435
(0.362–0.522)***
 Other 0.700
(0.576–0.850)***		 0.811
(0.374–1.759)		 0.784
(0.592–1.040)
Parity
 Nulliparous Ref Ref Ref
 1 previous live birth 0.883
(0.833–0.935)***		 1.299
(0.950–1.776)		 0.758
(0.690–0.832)***
 Multiparous 0.765
(0.717–0.817)***		 1.038
(0.757–1.425)		 0.534
(0.482–0.591)***
Chronic Conditions
 Gestational diabetes 0.977
(0.891–1.070)		 1.143
(0.717–1.823)		 1.099
(0.955–1.265)
 Hypertension 1.120
(1.034–1.212)**		 0.979
(0.660–1.453)		 1.082
(0.959–1.222)
 Depression 1.832
(1.706–1.968)***		 0.818
(0.591–1.130)		 0.786
(0.716–0.863)***
Year
 2016 Ref Ref Ref
 2017 1.096
(1.037–1.158)**		 1.073
(0.811–1.419)		 1.124
(1.034–1.222)**
 2018 1.114
(1.052–1.180)***		 1.052
(0.797–1.390)		 1.051
(0.964–1.146)
 N 98,341 97,194 97,645

Note: Data are presented as exponentiated coefficients, 95% confidence intervals in parentheses.

*p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 based on survey-weighed multivariable logistic regression results.

Authors’ analysis of data for 2016–2018 from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) data set. The sample size for each model is unweighted; all other data are weighted to represent the US birthing population in participating PRAMS states. aORs controlled for maternal age, education, marital status, income, maternal race, spoken language, insurance, parity, chronic conditions, and birth year.

aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; FPL, Federal Poverty Level; Ref, reference.