Figure 4. The digit span task and behavioral performance.

(A) Timeline of trial events. The cue signaled the recall direction (blue for backward and yellow for forward) and memory load (size of the white box indicated the number of memory digits) of the upcoming trial. During encoding, a new digit appeared every second and was replaced by the # symbol if it was a memory digit. After a 1-s delay, the task progressed to either the retrieval phase (Go trial) or skipped directly to the next trial (No-Go trials). (B) Proportion of error trials. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean across participants.