TABLE 1.
Demographic, cognitive, and biomarker values by total population and age group.
| All participants | Model with predictors age, sex, APOE, MMSE a | By age group | Difference between age groups (p‐value) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | Age 57‐90 | Age p‐value | MMSE p‐value |
1: Age 57‐69 |
2: Age 70‐79 |
3: Age 80‐89 |
1:2 | 2:3 | 1:3 |
| Number (N) | 47 | 12 | 26 | 9 | |||||
| Demographic | |||||||||
| Age | 73.9 (6.9) | 65.0 (3.8) | 75.0 (3.0) | 82.8 (3.4) | p < 0.00001 | p < 0.00001 | p < 0.00001 | ||
| Sex (F/M) | 47%/53% | 50%/50% | 46%/54% | 44%/56% | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ||
| Education (years) | 14.2 (2.6) | 14.9 (2.2) | 14.0 (2.3) | 13.8 (3.7) | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ||
| APOE genotype %E4 + | 76% | 83% | 85% | 44% | ‐ | 0.02 | 0.04 | ||
| Cognitive | |||||||||
| MMSE | 20.1 (3.5) | 18.7 (4.0) | 20.4 (3.2) | 21.4 (3.2) | 0.10 | ‐ | 0.06 | ||
| MMSE age‐adjusted | 18.7 (4.0) | 20.9 (3.2) | 22.4 (3.2) | 0.07 | ‐ | 0.03 | |||
| ADAS‐cog | 24.9 (7.9) | ‐ | <0.0001 | 25.9 (9.7) | 25.6 (7.5) | 21.8 (6.6) | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Digit Span | 12.5 (3.1) | ‐ | 0.02 | 12.3 (3.6) | 12.5 (3.2) | 12.9 (2.3) | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| COWAT | 24.4 (13.2) | ‐ | 0.0004 | 22.5 (17.9) | 23.9 (12.3) | 28.7 (8.1) | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| NPI | 7.72 (8.27) | ‐ | ‐ | 7.33 (10.2) | 7.50 (7.28) | 9.00 (9.21) | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Tau PET SUVRs | |||||||||
| MetaTemporal | 1.74 (0.38) | 0.013 | 0.13 | 1.96 (0.42) | 1.69 (0.37) | 1.59 (0.18) | 0.05 | ‐ | 0.04 |
| Braak Stage I | 1.56 (0.21) | 0.18 | ‐ | 1.64 (0.25) | 1.54 (0.21) | 1.52 (0.14) | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Braak Stage III | 1.56 (0.28) | 0.05 | 0.10 | 1.71 (0.35) | 1.52 (0.26) | 1.46 (0.11) | ‐ | ‐ | 0.08 |
| Braak Stage IV | 1.52 (0.30) | 0.011 | ‐ | 1.71 (0.32) | 1.49 (0.29) | 1.38 (0.15) | 0.05 | ‐ | 0.01 |
| Braak Stage V | 1.41 (0.34) | 0.001 | 0.03 | 1.65 (0.37) | 1.37 (0.33) | 1.19 (0.15) | 0.07 | ‐ | 0.01 |
| Braak Stage VI | 1.11 (0.17) | 0.002 | 0.02 | 1.21 (0.16) | 1.09 (0.17) | 1.01 (0.10) | 0.04 | ‐ | 0.01 |
| Lateral temporal | 1.81 (0.45) | 0.012 | 0.09 | 2.07 (0.12) | 1.75 (0.08) | 1.60 (0.14) | 0.04 | ‐ | 0.03 |
| Parietal (angular) | 1.67 (0.54) | 0.004 | 0.11 | 1.97 (0.55) | 1.65 (0.55) | 1.34 (0.27) | 0.07 | ‐ | 0.01 |
| Precuneus | 1.62 (0.50) | 0.001 | ‐ | 1.88 (0.50) | 1.60 (0.52) | 1.29 (0.21) | 0.09 | ‐ | 0.01 |
| Middle frontal | 1.43 (0.48) | 0.0003 | 0.02 | 2.05 (1.12) | 1.70 (1.21) | 0.73 (0.94) | ‐ | 0.06 | 0.01 |
| Total cortical | 1.40 (0.30) | 0.001 | 0.03 | 1.61 (0.31) | 1.36 (0.28) | 1.21 (0.13) | 0.03 | ‐ | 0.01 |
| FDG PET SUVRs (ref pons) | |||||||||
| Medial temporal | 0.84 (0.09) | 0.013 | ‐ | 0.82 (0.07) | 0.82 (0.09) | 0.90 (0.08) | ‐ | 0.03 | 0.06 |
| Lateral temporal | 0.97 (0.11) | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.91 (0.13) | 0.97 (0.10) | 1.04 (0.11) | ‐ | ‐ | 0.05 |
| Isthmus cingulate | 1.10 (0.15) | 0.001 | 0.03 | 1.03 (0.20) | 1.09 (0.11) | 1.23 (0.09) | ‐ | 0.00 | 0.03 |
| Parietal (angular) | 0.96 (0.16) | 0.015 | 0.001 | 0.90 (0.20) | 0.96 (0.14) | 1.06 (0.11) | ‐ | 0.06 | 0.03 |
| Precuneus | 1.21 (0.16) | 0.018 | 0.01 | 1.14 (0.21) | 1.20 (0.14) | 1.29 (0.07) | ‐ | 0.08 | 0.03 |
| Middle frontal | 1.14 (0.16) | 0.029 | 0.02 | 1.06 (0.19) | 1.15 (0.15) | 1.22 (0.12) | ‐ | 0.11 | 0.05 |
| Volume (MRI) z‐scores | |||||||||
| Hippocampus | −2.12 (1.53) | ‐ | 0.07 | −2.12 (1.27) | −2.13 (1.78) | −2.07 (1.14) | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Lateral temporal | −1.69 (0.94) | ‐ | 0.007 | −1.96 (0.99) | −1.69 (0.98) | −1.32 (0.70) | ‐ | ‐ | 0.11 |
| Parietal (angular) | −2.16 (1.18) | 0.005 | 0.09 | −2.57 (1.50) | −2.27 (0.91) | −1.28 (1.09) | ‐ | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| Precuneus | −1.71 (1.30) | ‐ | 0.11 | −1.82 (1.30) | −1.95 (1.20) | −0.88 (1.40) | ‐ | 0.03 | ‐ |
| Middle frontal | −1.58 (1.25) | 0.005 | ‐ | −2.07 (1.17) | −1.70 (1.21) | −0.58 (0.39) | ‐ | 0.03 | 0.01 |
| Total cortical | −2.65 (1.36) | 0.005 | 0.03 | −3.30 (0.36) | −2.96 (0.24) | −1.33 (0.41) | ‐ | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Plasma biomarkers | |||||||||
| pTau‐181 pg/mL | 6.5 (3.1) | 0.002 | ‐ | 8.0 (2.8) | 6.2 (2.7) | 5.5 (1.0) | 0.06 | ‐ | 0.01 |
| GFAP pg/mL | 392 (158) | 0.004 | 0.03 | 371 (169) | 407 (168) | 377 (119) | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| NfL b pg/mL | 26.6 (12.2) | <0.001 | 0.001 | 36.0 (10.0) | 25.1 (12.0) | 18.1 (7.1) | 0.004 | ‐ | 0.0004 |
a
Since covariates are combined with MMSE as an initial view of relationships to biomarkers, p‐values for MMSE will differ somewhat from those in Table 3, where covariates were combined with the biomarker to predict MMSE or ADAS‐cog; variables are adjusted for normal aging.
b
NfL values were not adjusted for creatinine clearance or renal function.