Table 1.

Association of AdEVs with metabolic diseases and potential biomedical applications

	Name	Change	Species	Disease	Mechanism of action	Potential application	Reference
Adipocyte-derived exosomal noncoding RNAs
miRNA	miR-23b	Upregulation	Human	Obesity, Metabolic syndrome	TGF-β and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways	Biomarker, Therapeutical	[42]
miRNA	miR-148b	Downregulation	Human	Obesity, Metabolic syndrome	TGF-β and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways	Biomarker, Therapeutical	[42]
miRNA	miR-4269	Downregulation	Human	Obesity, Metabolic syndrome	TGF-β and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways	Biomarker, Therapeutical	[42]
miRNA	miR-4429	Upregulation	Human	Obesity, Metabolic syndrome	TGF-β and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways	Biomarker, Therapeutical	[42]
miRNA	miR-99b	Upregulation	Human, Mouse	Lipodystrophy, Insulin resistance	Lowering Fgf21 mRNA levels in the liver	Biomarker, Therapeutical	[37]
miRNA	miR-155	Upregulation	Mouse	Insulin activity	Downregulation of PPARg expression	Therapy for metabolic regulation	[45]
miRNA	miR-486	Upregulation	Mouse	Diabetic nephropathy	Suppression of Smad1/mTOR signaling pathway in podocytes	Therapeutical	[47]
miRNA	miR29a	Upregulation	Mouse	Insulin resistance	Targeting PPAR-δ	Therapeutical for T2D and metabolism regulation, 29	[46]
miRNA	miR-215-5p	Upregulation	Mouse	Kidney disease	Possibly through inhibition of ZEB2 transcription	Therapeutical for podocyte dysfunction and diabetic nephropathy	[48]
miRNA	miR-222	Upregulation	Mouse	Insulin resistance	Suppression of IRS-1 protein expression	Therapeutical for T2D and obesity-induced metabolic syndrome	[39]
miRNA	miR-6869-5p	Upregulation	Human Mouse	Obesity, Renal tubule injury	Unclear	Therapeutic for local RAAS activation in obesity-associated kidney disease	[49]
lncRNA	lncRNA-H19	Upregulation	Human	Diabetic foot ulcer	PTEN-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway	Treatment for diabetic foot ulcer	[57]
circRNA	circ_0000250	Upregulation	Mouse	Diabetes	miR-128-3p/SIRT1-mediated autophagy	Treatment for diabetic ulcers	[67]
Adipocyte-derived exosomal proteins
Protein	RBP4	Upregulation	Mouse	Insulin resistance	TLR4/TRIF pathway	Inmune, Therapeutical	[26]
Protein	Perilipin-A	Upregulation	Human, Mouse	Obesity, Metabolic syndrome	Regulation of lipolysis	Diagnosis, a biomarker of metabolic health	[27]
Protein	Sonic Hedgehog	Upregulation	Mouse (3T3 cells)	Insulin resistance	Macrophage polarization via Ptch and PI3K pathways	Therapeutical	[69]
Protein	FABP4	Upregulation	Human, Mouse	Obesity, Metabolic syndrome	—	Biomarker for obesity	[15]
Protein	Mimecan	Upregulation	Human	Obesity adiposity	—	Tracking adiposity on obese patient	[15]
Protein	TGFBI	Upregulation	Human	Obesity-induced insulin resistance	—	Monitoring T2D status in obese patients	[15]
Adipocyte-derived exosomal lipids
Lipids	Sphingolipids	Upincorporation	Mouse	Obesity-induced insulin resistance	Second messengers for stress-related pathways	Marker for nutrient stress responses	[53]

Abbreviations: AdEV, adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicle; circRNA, circular noncoding RNA; FABP4, fatty acid–binding protein 4; IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate 1; lncRNA, long noncoding RNA; miRNA, microRNA; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; T2D, type 2 diabetes; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; TGFBI, transforming growth factor beta induced protein