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. 2024 Jul 2;14(10):4127–4146. doi: 10.7150/thno.97768

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Representative clinically-used/investigated and emerging imaging biomarkers in radiation oncology. BOLD: blood oxygen level dependent; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; FMISO: fluoromisonidazole; PAI: photoacoustic imaging; CAIX: carbonic anhydrase IX; CEST: chemical exchange saturation transfer; ¹⁸F-FLT: 3′-deoxy-3′-([¹⁸F]Fluoro)-fluorothymidine; PET: positron emission tomography; MRS: magnetic resonance spectroscopy; DW-MRI: diffusion-weighted MRI; ¹⁸F-FDG: 2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose; PSMA: prostate-specific membrane antigen; SSR: somatostatin receptor; FAP: fibroblast activation protein; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; PD-L1: programmed death-ligand 1; HER2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; DCE: dynamic contrast-enhanced; CSCs: cancer stem cells; CAFs: cancer-associated fibroblasts; MDSCs: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; IGF-1R: insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; ICAM-1: intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1; IFNγ: interferon-γ; ROS: reactive oxygen species.