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. 2024 Jul 1;14(10):4014–4057. doi: 10.7150/thno.97335

Figure 6.

Figure 6

In vitro angiogenic potential regulated by macrophage polarization. (A) Schematic illustration of the establishment of in vitro co-culture system and the subsequent induction of vascularization in HUVECs. (B) Crystal violet staining images of HUVECs after treatment and (D) corresponding quantification of migrated cells. Scale bar: 200 μm. (C) Optical images of the scratch wound healing assay for HUVECs after treatment and (E) corresponding quantification of the wound migration rate. Scale bar: 200 μm. (F) Confocal fluorescence images of the tube formation assay for HUVECs and corresponding quantitative analysis, including (G) vessel percentage area and (H) total number of junctions. Scale bar: 200 μm. (I) Relative mRNA expression of angiogenesis-related genes, including VEGF, HIF-1α, bFGF, and Ang-1, in HUVECs. (J) Immunofluorescence staining images of CD31 (red: CD31; green: F-actin; blue: DAPI). Scale bar: 20 μm. (K) Immunofluorescence staining images of HIF-1α and VEGF (red: HIF-1α; green: VEGF; blue: DAPI). Scale bar: 20 μm. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3). *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 indicate significant differences compared with the PCL group. #P < 0.05 and # #P < 0.01 indicate significant differences compared with the PGCZ+NIR group.