Table 3.
Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for mortality of cause of death by baseline smoking history and pack-years of cigarette smoking in Korea men
| Variables | Smoking history | Pack-years | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never smoker* | Former smoker | Current smoker | Never smoker* | Former smoker | <Q1 (<15) | Q1–Q2 (15–22.5) | Q2–Q3 (22.6–32) | >Q3 (>32) | ||
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | ||
| All-cause mortality | Model 1a | 1 | 1.32 (1.20–1.44) | 1.92 (1.75–2.11) | 1 | 1.32 (1.20–1.44) | 2.39 (1.99–2.88) | 2.43 (2.00–2.96) | 2.51 (2.09–3.00) | 2.53 (2.20–2.90) |
| Model 2b | 1 | 1.31 (1.17–1.47) | 1.90 (1.69–2.14) | 1 | 1.32 (1.18–1.48) | 2.70 (2.16–3.38) | 2.76 (2.19–3.49) | 2.88 (2.33–3.56) | 3.07 (2.59–3.65) | |
| Cancer mortality | Model 1a | 1 | 1.62 (1.40–1.88) | 2.38 (2.05–2.76) | 1 | 1.62 (1.40–1.88) | 2.70 (2.02–3.61) | 2.35 (1.70–3.26) | 2.91 (2.20–3.86) | 3.66 (2.98–4.50) |
| Model 2b | 1 | 1.71 (1.43–2.04) | 2.47 (2.05–2.97) | 1 | 1.73 (1.44–2.06) | 2.96 (2.08–4.22) | 2.45 (1.63–3.67) | 3.37 (2.42–4.69) | 4.49 (3.50–5.76) | |
| Lung cancer mortality | Model 1a | 1 | 2.82 (1.99–3.99) | 6.37 (4.54–8.93) | 1 | 2.82 (1.99–3.99) | 3.32 (1.60–6.89) | 4.21 (2.10–8.47) | 6.60 (3.76–11.60) | 13.86 (9.44–20.36) |
| Model 2b | 1 | 3.10 (2.05–4.70) | 6.89 (4.55–10.42) | 1 | 3.13 (2.06–4.75) | 2.58 (0.90–7.42) | 5.72 (2.58–12.69) | 8.85 (4.66–16.83) | 17.11 (10.72–27.31) | |
| CVD mortality | Model 1a | 1 | 1.03 (0.83–1.28) | 1.73 (1.40–2.15) | 1 | 1.03 (0.83–1.28) | 2.07 (1.31–3.28) | 2.15 (1.34–3.46) | 3.37 (2.32–4.92) | 2.05 (1.46–2.89) |
| Model 2b | 1 | 0.91 (0.69–1.21) | 1.74 (1.32–2.30) | 1 | 0.91 (0.69–1.21) | 2.55 (1.50–4.35) | 2.88 (1.70–4.89) | 3.79 (2.42–5.92) | 2.38 (1.54–3.67) | |
a
Model 1: adjusted for age.
b
Model 2: adjusted for age, household income, marital status, BMI, physical activity, and alcohol consumption. Q1: 1st quantile. Q2: 2nd quantile. Q3: 3rd quantile. CVD: cardiovascular disease. Boldface indicates statistical significance at p<0.05.
*
Never smoker: reference.