Table 2.
List of covariates used for analysis
| Covariate | Indicator | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Total malaria spendinga | Total malaria spending per person in the population-at-risk (2021 USD) | IHME [31] |
| Government expenditure on malaria | Government expenditure on malaria as a proportion of total malaria spending | IHME [31] |
| Spending on malaria prevention | Spending on ITNs, IRS, and other vector control as a proportion of government expenditure on malaria and DAH for malaria | IHME [31] |
| Spending on malaria treatment | Spending on antimalarials and drug resistance as a proportion of government expenditure on malaria and DAH for malaria | IHME [31] |
| Spending on health systems strengthening for malaria | Spending on HRTA, PSM, PAO, IE, ME, and other HSS as a proportion of government expenditure on malaria and DAH for malaria | IHME [31] |
| GDP per persona | GDP/population (2021 USD) | IHME [36] |
| Working age population | Age dependency ratio (as a % of working age population) | World Bank [37] |
| Health systems performance | Healthcare Access and Quality Index | IHME [38] |
| Socioeconomic status | Average years of maternal education | IHME [38] |
| Infectious disease risk | Population-weighted mean temperature | IHME [38] |
| Risk of malaria | National malaria incidence rate | [1] |
aTotal malaria spending and GDP are modelled as log-transformed values