Fig. 4.

Molecular mechanisms of TAMs on pyroptosis Macrophages can regulate the activation of inflammatory vesicles by secreting cytokine IL-βto activate NF-kB or secreting the pro-inflammatory mediator HMGB1, which promotes the pyroptosis process. TAMs can also affect the caspase-8 cleavage of GSDME by secreting TNF-α. The hypoxia-induced formation of the nPD-L1/p-Stat3 complex increases the expression of GSDMC, cleaved by TNFα-activated caspase-8 to mediate pyroptosis. Besides, TAMs releases pro-inflammatory cytokines to trigger CRS to be involved in the granzyme pathway, which is relevant in CAR-T cell therapy