Table 6.

In vivo/in vitro metabolic studies on HPP effect.*

	Reference	HPP treatment parameters	Device	Milk components/properties	Impact of treatment (compared to raw milk)	Comparison HoP – HPP
In vivo/metabolic studies	Wemelle et al. (54)	4 cycles of 5 min; 350 MPa; 38°C Compression rate 1 MPa/s (n = 8)	Not precised	Level of antioxidant gene expression in the liver of mice treated with HPP-donor milk Inflammatory markers in liver and ileum of mice treated with HPP-DM	Increase of catalase and Superoxide dismutase mRNA expression → stimulation of antioxidant defense NS for other genes (Sod1, Gpx1, Gpx2, Nox1/2) Decrease in F4/80 mRNA expression (ileum) Decreased expression of Tnfɑ et F4/80 mRNA (liver) → reduced inflammation	Catalase and Sod2 mRNA expression were significantly decreased in HoP-treated HM (p < 0.05) After supplementation of mice with HPP-treated milk compared to HoP-treated milk: Decrease in F4/80 mRNA expression in both the ileum and (p < 0.05). Better stimulation of antioxidant defense and reduction of inflammation in both the ileum and liver
	Wemelle et al. (55)	4 cycles of 5 min; 350 MPa; 38°C Compression rate 1 MPa/s (n = 8)	Not precised	Glucose tolerance in mice Isotonic intestinal contraction in mice	Not compared	In mice supplemented with HPP-treated milk compared to HoP-treated milk: Improvement of glucose tolerance (p < 0.05) Decrease of the amplitude of duodenum contraction (p < 0.05)
In vitro	Zhang et al. (50)	400 MPa; 5 min; 25°C	Hippo 20 device (Ilshin Autoclave, Daejeon, Korea).	In vitro static digestion assays	HPP increased proportion of larger fat globule but HPP milk had a similar size distribution pattern as raw milk following a 60-min of gastric digestion. As in raw milk, lactoferrin remain largely undigested in HPP milk following gastric digestion.	Not compared

*p-value are indicated only when significant and/or reported in the original article.

NS, not significantly different.