Table 4.
Change in body fat and other adiposity indicators according to 8-wk energy-restricted intervention groups.
| Outcomes | Baseline | Endpoint | Δ | p-value (intraindividual) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 68) | (n = 68) | ||||
| Body fat (kg) | CT | 38.5 ± 7.7 | 35.4 ± 8.1 | −3.1 ± 2.8 | <0.001 |
| CN | 41.5 ± 8.9 | 38.2 ± 9.1 | −3.3 ± 2.7 | <0.001 | |
| OL | 41.1 ± 7.9 | 39.3 ± 8.9 | −1.8 ± 2.6 | 0.002 | |
| p-value (interindividual) | 0.357 | 0.345 | 0.106 | ||
| Body fat (%) | CT | 40.1 ± 7.8 | 38.5 ± 8.2 | −1.6 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
| CN | 43.6 ± 7.6 | 41.8 ± 8.4 | −1.9 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | |
| OL | 43.8 ± 7.6 | 43.2 ± 8.4 | −0.7 ± 2.0 | 0.106 | |
| p-value (interindividual) | 0.307 | 0.206 | 0.085 | ||
| Android fat (%) | CT | 9.7 ± 1.3 | 9.5 ± 1.3 a | −0.2 ± 0.6 | 0.233 |
| CN | 9.4 ± 3.4 | 8.7 ± 1.7 ab | −0.8 ± 2.6 | 0.169 | |
| OL | 8.5 ± 1.4 | 8.1 ± 1.5 b | −0.4 ± 1.1 | 0.072 | |
| p-value (interindividual) | 0.122 | 0.022 | 0.579 | ||
| Gynoid fat (%) | CT | 17.2 ± 1.8 | 17.3 ± 1.8 | 0.1 ± 0.7 | 0.463 |
| CN | 18.9 ± 3.6 | 18.2 ± 1.5 | −0.7 ± 3.5 | 0.360 | |
| OL | 17.8 ± 2.3 | 18.2 ± 1.9 | 0.3 ± 1.2 | 0.182 | |
| p-value (interindividual) | 0.353 | 0.214 | 0.372 | ||
| Muscle mass (kg) | CT | 54.3 ± 13.0 | 53.8 ± 12.5 | −0.5 ± 1.8 | 0.943 |
| CN | 50.9 ± 11.3 | 50.4 ± 11.4 | −0.4 ± 1.7 | 0.241 | |
| OL | 50.2 ± 12.1 | 48.9 ± 11.6 | −1.2 ± 2.0 | 0.005 | |
| p-value (interindividual) | 0.753 | 0.472 | 0.582 | ||
| Body weight (kg) | CT | 95.4 ± 17.2 | 91.2 ± 15.9 | −4.2 ± 3.8 | <0.001 |
| CN | 96.1 ± 14.8 | 92.2 ± 13.8 | −3.9 ± 3.1 | <0.001 | |
| OL | 95.6 ± 14.3 | 92.2 ± 13.8 | −3.4 ± 2.4 | <0.001 | |
| p-value (interindividual) | 0.982 | 0.944 | 0.852 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | CT | 33.7 ± 3.7 | 32.3 ± 3.7 | −1.4 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| CN | 34.1 ± 4.9 | 32.7 ± 4.8 | −1.4 ± 1.0 | <0.001 | |
| OL | 33.9 ± 3.6 | 32.8 ± 3.8 | −1.2 ± 0.8 | <0.001 | |
| p-value (interindividual) | 0.978 | 0.804 | 0.833 | ||
| WC (cm) | CT | 109.5 ± 9.5 | 104.4 ± 7.7 | −5.1 ± 4.6 | <0.001 |
| CN | 109.3 ± 11.7 | 105.4 ± 11.7 | −3.9 ± 3.9 | <0.001 | |
| OL | 107.7 ± 12.1 | 103.9 ± 10.5 | −3.7 ± 5.3 | 0.002 | |
| p-value (interindividual) | 0.838 | 0.884 | 0.612 | ||
| HC (cm) | CT | 113.8 ± 5.7 | 110.8 ± 7.0 | −2.9 ± 3.0 | <0.001 |
| CN | 116.6 ± 7.3 | 113.9 ± 7.4 | −2.7 ± 3.1 | <0.001 | |
| OL | 116.8 ± 6.6 | 113.8 ± 6.2 | −2.9 ± 2.3 | <0.001 | |
| p-value (interindividual) | 0.283 | 0.271 | 0.902 | ||
| WHR | CT | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | −0.01 ± 0.0 | |
| CN | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | −0.01 ± 0.0 | 0.010 | |
| OL | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | −0.01 ± 0.0 | 0.264 | |
| p-value (interindividual) | 0.186 | 0.323 | 0.552 | ||
| WHtR | CT | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | −0.03 ± 0.0 | 0.003 |
| CN | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | −0.02 ± 0.0 | <0.001 | |
| OL | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | −0.02 ± 0.0 | 0.003 | |
| p-value (interindividual) | 0.837 | 0.887 | 0.591 | ||
| Neck circumference (cm) | CT | 40.6 ± 3.5 | 39.6 ± 3.5 | −0.9 ± 2.5 | 0.104 |
| CN | 39.9 ± 4.5 | 38.9 ± 3.8 | −1.0 ± 1.2 | <0.001 | |
| OL | 38.9 ± 4.4 | 38.4 ± 4.1 | −0.5 ± 1.2 | 0.038 | |
| p-value (interindividual) | 0.438 | 0.555 | 0.238 | ||
BMI, body mass index; HC, hip circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio; CT, control; CN, cashew nut; OL, cashew nut oil. Paired t test or Wilcoxon test (p < 0.05 within-group); Superscript alphabets (a–b) not indicated by the same letter in the same column means that there was a statistical difference between groups (p < 0.05) according to one-way ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis followed by post hoc tests.