Table 1.

Examples of possible immune aging biology-based treatment strategies.

Primary mechanism	Biological phenotype	Clinical manifestations	Treatment approaches	References
Telomere dysfunction	DNA damage response SASP Replicative senescence	Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Bone marrow dysfunction. CMV reactivation	Tailored immunosuppression and infection prophylaxis. Transfusion and bone-marrow stimulants	(12–18)
Preceding CMV infection	Inflation of memory T cells Impaired donor-specific responses	Infection susceptibility CMV reactivation Graft dysfunction	CMV prophylaxis and aggressive treatment	(19–21)
Thymus involution	Reduced TCR repertoire	Increased risk of cancer and infection	Vaccination and infection prophylaxis	(22–26)
Impaired bone marrow hematopoiesis	B-cell dysfunction	Hypogammaglobulinemia Impaired vaccine responses	IVIG Alternate vaccination strategies	(27–30)
Mitochondrial dysfunction	Increased ROS generation Immune activation (e.g., IL-6)	Sarcopenia Frailty	Structured exercise programs Myostatin inhibitors Protein supplementation IL-6 antagonists	(31–37)